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Introductory Topics

Preface
Disclaimer
The Editing Team
History of Pediatric Anesthesia
Pediatric Anesthesia Worldwide
Measuring Outcome in Pediatric Anesthesia
Basic Pediatric Concepts

Training/Education/Certification

The Making of a Pediatric Anesthesiologist
Educational Principles
Certification Processes
Transitioning to Practice
Transitioning to Retirement
Test Your Knowledge
Managing Knowledge

Basic Clinical Information [WFSA and SPA Updates]

WFSA PaedsUpdateContents Volume 30 - June 2015 (Wiki Format)
WFSA PaedsUpdateContents Volume 37 - October 2023 (PDF Format)
Society for Pediatric Anesthesia Lecture Series

The Growing Child

Embryology
Development
Growth
Developmental Psychology

Anatomy & Physiology

Respiratory System
Cardiovascular System
Renal System
Endocrine System
Nervous System
Temperature Regulation
Fluid & Electrolytes
Coagulation & Bleeding
Pharmacology
Clinical Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics in children
Anesthetic Agents
Opiates & Sedatives
Muscle Relaxants

Monitoring

Standard Monitoring
Precordial Stethoscope
Precordial Doppler
Oxygen
Electrocardiography - EKG
Carbon Dioxide
Neuromonitoring - IOM
Neuromuscular Blockade
Blood Pressure
Temperature
Thromboelastography - TEG
Pacemakers
Automated Internal Defibrillators
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
Electroencephalography - EEG
Depth of Anesthesia
BIS
SEDline

Ethical Issues in Pediatric Anesthesia

Ethical Constructs relevant to Pediatric Anesthesia
The Emancipated Minor
Assent/Consent
The child of a Jehovah's Witness
Anesthesia in Low Resource Settings
Global Pediatric Anesthesia
VIP Care
End of Life
Racial Disparities in Care
Child Abuse, Neglect, and Protection

Error, Judgement, and The Law

Errors in the Operating Room
Wrong Side Procedures
Just Culture
The Making of Medical Malpractice Suit

Clinical Techniques

Standards of Anesthesia
Pocket Reference Cards
Point of Care Ultrasound - POCUS

Preoperative Assessment

General Preoperative Assessment
Psychological Preparation of the Pediatric Patient & Family
The Fetus
The Pre-Term Infant
The Infant
The Child
The Adolescent
The Adult-aged Pediatric Patient
The Former Premature Patient
Upper Respiratory Infection
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Preoperative Fasting
Vaccination Status
Child Trafficking
Pregnancy Testing

Pre-anesthetic Medication

Pre-induction/Pre-medication

Pediatric Sedation

Principles of Sedation
Dental Sedation
Sedation for Radiologic Procedures

Anesthetic Induction

Parental Presence During Induction
Magic as a Distraction Technique
Distracting Devices
Psychological Preparation of the Pediatric Patient & Family

Maintenance of Anesthesia

Fluid Management
Neuromuscular Blockade
Blood Products
Temperature Management
Positioning
Ventilation
Breathing circuits
Controlled Hypotension
Electrocautery
Depth of Anesthesia
BIS
SEDline

Drugs

Volatile Anesthetics
Closed Circuit Anesthesia
High Altitude Effects
Total Intravenous Anesthesia
Dexmedetomidine
Opiates
Opioid Free Techniques
Hypnosis
Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Agents
Ketorolac
Ibuprofen
Cox-2 Inhibitors
Ketamine
Esmolol
Benzodiazepines
Perioperative Steroids
Antibiotics
Acetaminophen
Methylene Blue
Insulin Pumps
Parasympatholytics
Bicarbonate
Succinylcholine
Rubber Coring

Emergence/Recovery from Anesthesia

Deep Extubation
Emergence Delirium
Post Operative Nausea & Vomiting
Pain Management in the Recovery Room
Post Obstructive Pulmonary Edema
Intraoperative Awareness and Recall
Post Operative Apnea

Airway Management

Basic Airway Anatomy of the Pediatric Patient
Syndromes and Airway Assessment
Basic Airway Management of the Pediatric Patient
Laryngeal Mask Airway
Basic Laryngoscopy and Intubation
Basic Nasal Intubation
Rapid Sequence Induction
Recognizing and Managing the Difficult Pediatric Airway
Advanced Airway Techniques
Difficult Airway Response Teams
One Lung Ventilation
Cuffed vs Uncuffed ETTs
Basic Ventilation
Advanced Ventilation
Emergency Airway Management
Complications of Airway Management
Laryngospasm
Extubation
Deep Extubation

Vascular Access

Intravenous catheter placement & Care
Central Venous Catheter placement & Care
Intraosseous Access & Care
Arterial catheter placement & Care
Intranasal Drug Delivery
Needlestick Injury

Regional Blockade

Principles of Regional Anesthesia in Children
The use of Ultrasound for Regional Anesthesia
Local Anesthetics in Children
Local Anesthetic Adjuncts in Children
Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity - LAST
Nerve Complications of Regional Blockade
Peripheral Nerve Stimulation
Compartment Syndrome and Regional Blockade
Post-Dural Puncture Headache
Axial Blockade (Caudal, Lumbar Epidural, Thoracic Epidural, Spinal)
Head & Neck (Palatal, Supraorbital & Trochlear Nerve Blocks, Oral Nerve Blocks, Superficial Cervical Plexus Block, Suprazygomatic Maxillary Nerve, Infraorbital Nerve Block, Scalp Blocks)
Upper Extremity (Interscalene, Supraclavicular, Infraclavicular, Axillary, Peripheral Arm, Intravenous Regional (Bier))
Thorax (Intercostal, Paravertebral, Erector Spinae Plane)
Abdomen (Rectus Sheath, Transversus Abdominus Plane, Quadratus Lumborum, Ileoinguinal/Ileohypogastric, Pudendal, Penile)
Lower Extremity (Lumbar Plexus, PENG, Femoral, Adductor Canal, Sciatic, Popliteal, Ankle)
Continuous Catheter Infusion (Outside of Hospital)
Rebound Pain after Nerve Block

Blood Conservation Techniques

Cell Saver
Controlled Hypotension
Tranexamic Acid

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Intraoperative Cardiac Arrest
Pediatric CPR
Code Teams
PALS Protocols
Prone CPR
ECMO
CPR Coach
Crisis Management

Syndromes/Disorders

Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center

StatPearls (National Library of Medicine)

OrphanAnesthesia


Achalasia
Achondroplasia
Acute Flaccid Myelitis
Adrenal Insufficiency
Alpha-Gal Syndrome
Anaphylaxis
Angelman Syndrome
Apert Syndrome
Asthma
Autism Spectrum
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Brugada Syndrome
Cerebral Palsy
CHARGE association
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease
Cleft lip and/or palate
Cleidocranial dysplasia
Conjoined Twins
Cornelia de Lange Syndrome
COVID
Craniosynostosis
Cystic Fibrosis
DiGeorge syndrome (22q11.2 deletion syndrome)
Diabetes
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Down Syndrome
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Epidermolysis Bullosa
Freeman-Sheldon Syndrome
Genetic Disease
G6PD
Goldenhar syndrome
Guillain–Barré syndrome
Hereditary Spherocytosis
Hiccups
Inherited metabolic disorders
Ketogenic Diet
Klippel-Feil syndrome
Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome
Lennox-Gastaut syndrome
Long QT Syndrome
Malignant Hyperthermia
Marijuana Use
Mastocytosis
Medical Child Abuse
Mesenteric Traction Syndrome
Mitochondrial Disease
Möbius syndrome
Monkeypox
Moya Moya Syndrome
Mucopolysaccharidoses
Myesthenia Gravis
Myotonic dystrophies
Nephrotic Syndrome
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
Nonaccidental Trauma
Noonan syndrome
Obesity
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Ophthalmologic Disease
Osteogenesis imperfecta
Pacemakers
Papillomatosis
Periodic Fever Syndromes
Pierre Robin sequence
Polycythemia Vera
Porphyria
Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS)
Prader-Willi Syndrome
Priapism
Pseudocholinesterase Deficiency
Pulmonary Hypertension
Sepsis
Sickle Cell Disease
Smoking and Vaping
Special Needs
Spina Bifida
Spinal Cord Injury
Spinal Muscular Atrophy
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome
Stroke
Sturge Weber
Substance Use Disorder
Tetanus
Thyrotoxicosis
Treacher Collins syndrome
Trochlear Palsey
Turner syndrome
VACTERR (or VACTERL) association
Vein of Galen Malformation
Von Hippel-Lindau Syndrome
Von Willibrand’s Disease
Waardenburg syndrome
Williams Syndrome

Procedure Based Discussions

Generalized Suggested Outline

General Surgery

Appendectomy
Bariatric
Bronchoscopy
Burns
Button Battery Ingestion
Central Line Placement (Hickman/Broviac/Infusaport)
Cholelithiasis
Cystic Adenomatous Malformation (CAM)
Diaphragmatic Hernia
Duodenal Atresia
Gastrochisis
Inguinal Hernia
Kasai Procedure
Laparoscopy
Magnet Ingestion
Malrotation
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Omphalocoele
Ovarian Torsion
Pectus Excavatum/Carinatum
Pheochromocytoma
Pyloric Stenosis
Sacrococcygeal Teratoma
Thoracotomy
Thyroid/Parathyroid
Tracheo-Esophageal Fistula
Tracheopexy
Trauma
Umbilical Hernia
Umbilical Herniorrphy

Transplant

Liver Transplant
Renal Transplant
Cardiac Transplant
Organ Procurement

Otolarngology/Head & Neck Surgery(ENT)

Auditory Evoked Potentials
Bone Anchored Hearing Aid (BAHA)
Bronchoscopy
Cricoid Split Procedure
Epiglottitis
Foreign Body in Airway
Glottic Web
Laryngotracheal Reconstruction
Mastoidectomy
Myringotomy Tubes
Papillomatosis
Retropharyngeal Abscess
Suspension Micro Laryngoscopy
Thyroglossal Duct Cyst
Tonsillectomy/Adenoidectomy
Tracheostomy

Fetal

Fetal Interventions
ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT)

Dental/Oral Surgery

Dental Restoration
Dental Extraction
Dental Sedation

Orthopedics

Idiopathic Scoliosis
Neuromuscular Scoliosis
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis
Upper Extremity Fracture
Lower Extremity Fracture
Bone Cement
Compartment Syndrome
Tourniquet Use
Clubfoot Repair
Total Knee Arthroplasty

Neurosurgery

General Neurosurgery
Brain Tumor Craniotomy
Arnold Chiari Malformation
Ventriculo-Peritoneal Shunt
Spinal Cord Untethering
Encephalocele
Spinal Cord Injury
Awake Craniotomy
Vagal Nerve Stimulator
Arteriovenous Malformation
Traumatic Brain Injury
Air Embolism
Spina Bifida
Pituitary Surgery

Plastics

Craniosynostosis
Craniofacial Reconstruction
Cleft lip and/or palate
LeFort Advancement
Pierre Robin Mandibular Distraction

Urology

Circumcision
Inguinal Hernia
Cystoscopy
Hypospadias
Ureteral Re-Implantation
Bladder Augmentation
Neonatal Exstrophy
Testicular Torsion
Orchiopexy
Robotic Surgery

Transgender Topics

Transgender Terminology
Assessment of the Transgender Patient
Gender Confirming Therapies
Hormone Therapy
Feminizing Procedures
Masculinizing procedures
Perioperative Care

Ophthalmology

Strabismus
Glacoma
Retina
Retinoblastoma
Nasolacrimal Duct
Ptosis
Open Globe
Orbital Trauma/Fracture

Cardiac/Congenital Heart Disease

Basic Cardiac Principles
Transitional Circulation
Cyanotic Lesions
Non-cyanotic Lesions
Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Cardiac Catheterization
Non-Cardiac Procedures

Gastroenterology

Upper Endoscopy
Lower Endoscopy/Colonoscopy
Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreaticogram
Liver Biopsy

Oncology

Perioperative Care of the Child with Cancer
Lumbar Puncture
Bone Marrow Aspirate/Biopsy
Bone Marrow Harvest
Anterior Mediastinal Mass
Wilms’ Tumor

Robotic Surgery

Principles/Physiology
Urology
Orthopedics
General Surgery

Maternal-Fetal

Introduction to Fetal Anesthesia
Pre-Partum Procedures
Ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT)

Radiology

Interventional Radiology
Gastic-Jejunal Feeding Tube Insertion
Vascular/Lymphatic Malformation
Whittaker Procedure
Endovascular Liver Biopsy
Cyst Drainage
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Head/Body
Cardiac MRI
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Neuroradiology
Wada Test
Vein of Galen Malformation
Ophthalmic Artery Injection
Urodynamic Studies

Psychiatry

Electroconvulsive Therapy

Pain Management

Perioperative analgesic pharmacology in children
Overview of Pain in Children
Factors that Modulate Pediatric Pain
Assessment of Pain in Children
Multimodal Pain Management in Children
Pain Treatment in Children
Acute Pain
Surgical
Medical
Chronic Pain
Acute Pain that Becomes Chronic
Surgical
Medical
Patient/Nurse/Parent Controlled Analgesia
Patient Controlled Epidural Anesthesia
Cancer Pain
Pain Management in the Intensive Care Unit

Palliative Care

Principles of Pediatric Palliative Care
Transitioning to Palliative Care
Setting Goals
Techniques in the Palliative Setting
End of Life Care

Operational/Procedural Topics

Care of the Pediatric Anesthesiologist

Ergonomics and Physical Factors
Psychologic Stress
Imposter Syndrome
Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion
Clinical Decision-Making
Performance and Compensation
The Aging Anesthesiologist

Operating Suite Design and Implementation

Medical Language Interpretation
Pre-operative Evaluation Center
Pre-operative In-Take
Operating Room Design
Post-anesthesia Care Unit
Remote Anesthesia Locations
Radiology
Magnetic Resonance Suite
Cardiac Catheterization
Pet Scanner
CT Scanner
Emergency Department
Scheduling Strategies
Environmental and Occupational Considerations
Intraoperative Communication
Personal Electronic Devices

Sedation of the Pediatric Patient

Transporting the anesthetized Pediatric Patient
Dental Sedation
Creating a Sedation Service

Recovery of the Pediatric Patient

Post Operative Nausea & Vomiting
Pain Management in the Recovery Room
Post-Operative Nursing Care
Emergence Delirium
Delayed Emergence

Personnel Safety in the Pediatric Environment

Operating Room Fires
Active Shooter
Magnetic Resonance Imaging - MRI
X-Ray & Radiologic Safety

Special Topics in Mass Casualty Incidents

Principles of MCI and Pediatrics
Helicopter Emergency Medical Services- HEMS

Low Resource Environments

Low Resource Environment Issues
In-Flight Emergencies

The Pediatric Perioperative Surgical Home

Enhanced Recovery After Surgery - ERAS

Editing tools

TYK_Question_List