Pudendal
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Pudendal Nerve Block
1. Introduction
- Overview of the pudendal nerve and relevance in pediatric anesthesia
- Typical indications (e.g., circumcision, hypospadias, anorectal surgery, urologic procedures)
- Advantages compared to caudal or dorsal penile/clitoral blocks
2. Anatomy and Related Structures
- Anatomy of the pudendal nerve and its terminal branches: a cadaver study
- Anatomical study of the pudendal nerve adjacent to the sacrospinous ligament
- Variations in the branching of the internal pudendal artery in the ischioanal fossa
3. Techniques and Approaches
3.1 Ultrasound-Guided Techniques
- Ultrasound-guided pudendal nerve block in children: A new technique of ultrasound-guided transperineal approach
- New, simple, ultrasound-guided infiltration of the pudendal nerve: ultrasonographic technique
- Feasibility of real-time ultrasound for pudendal nerve block in patients with chronic perineal pain
- Randomized controlled trial comparing pudendal nerve block under ultrasound and fluoroscopic guidance
- Ultrasound-Guided Pudendal Nerve Block at the Entrance of the Pudendal (Alcock) Canal: Description of Anatomy and Clinical Technique
- OA-SPA Pediatric Anesthesia Virtual Grand Rounds: Ultrasound-guided Pudendal Nerve Block for Children in the Lithotomy Position
3.2 Nerve Stimulator and Landmark Approaches
- Nerve stimulator guided pudendal nerve block versus general anesthesia for hemorrhoidectomy
- Nerve stimulator guided pudendal nerve block decreases posthemorrhoidectomy pain
4. Pediatric and Clinical Applications
4.1 Pediatric Urologic Surgery
4.2 Hypospadias and Circumcision
- The effectiveness of pudendal nerve block versus caudal block anesthesia for hypospadias in children
- Pudendal Versus Caudal Block in Children Undergoing Hypospadias Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial
- A comparison of pudendal block vs dorsal penile nerve block for circumcision in children: a randomized controlled trial
5. Other Clinical Studies and Adult Data (Contextual)
6. Summary of Evidence
- Comparative outcomes in pediatric vs adult data
- Analgesic duration, success rates, and complications
- Role of ultrasound guidance in improving safety and efficacy