Volatile Anesthetics
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Relevant Article Depot:
Minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration: a standard of anesthetic potency
Off-Label Low-Flow Sevoflurane: Regulatory Red Herring or Liability Landmine?
Low-flow Anesthesia in infants and children
Patient Safety and Low-Flow Anesthesia
Managing fresh gas flow to reduce environmental contamination.
End-tidal Anesthetic Concentration: Monitoring, Interpretation, and Clinical Application
End-tidal Anesthetic Concentration: Monitoring, Interpretation, and Clinical Application.
Off-Label Low-Flow Sevoflurane: Regulatory Red Herring or Liability Landmine?
An audit of inhalational anaesthetic agent usage in paediatric anaesthesia
Table: Inhalation anesthetic agents
Epileptiform EEG discharges during sevoflurane anesthesia in children: A meta-analysis
Constant I, Seeman R, Murat I. Sevoflurane and epileptiform EEG changes. PaediatrAnaesth 2005;15:266-74.
Yozawitz E. Neonatal Seizures. N Engl J Med 2023;388:1692-700.
Chao JY, Legatt AD, Yozawitz EG, Adams DC, Delphin ES, Shinnar S. Electroencephalographic Findings and Clinical Behavior During Induction of Anesthesia With Sevoflurane in Human Infants: A Prospective Observational Study. Anesth Analg 2020;130:e161-e4.
Chao JY, Tam M, Ferrera A, Ivenitsky D, Gizzo L, Schwartz R, Legatt AD, Yozawitz EG, Lo Y, Li G, Shinnar S. Epileptiform discharges, electrographic seizures, and electroclinical seizures during paediatric sevoflurane anaesthesia: a systematic review and proposal for standard definitions. Br J Anaesth 2023;130:e18-e21.
Chao JY, Yozawitz EG, Legatt AD, Schwartz R, Lo Y, Li G, Shinnar S. Epileptiform discharges, electrographic seizures, and electroclinical seizures during paediatric sevoflurane anaesthesia. Response to Br J Anaesth 2023; 130: e423-4. Br J Anaesth 2023.
Gibert S, Sabourdin N, Louvet N, Moutard ML, Piat V, Guye ML, Rigouzzo A, Constant I. Epileptogenic effect of sevoflurane: determination of the minimal alveolar concentration of sevoflurane associated with major epileptoid signs in children. Anesthesiology 2012;117:1253-61.
Iijima T, Nakamura Z, Iwao Y, Sankawa H. The epileptogenic properties of the volatile anesthetics sevoflurane and isoflurane in patients with epilepsy. Anesth Analg 2000;91:989-95.
Kurita N, Kawaguchi M, Hoshida T, Nakase H, Sakaki T, Furuya H. The effects of sevoflurane and hyperventilation on electrocorticogram spike activity in patients with refractory epilepsy. Anesth Analg 2005;101:517-23.
Lerman J. Induction of anesthesia with sevoflurane in children: Curiosities and controversies. Paediatr Anaesth 2022;32:1100-3
Lee SY, Cheng SL, Ng SB, Lim SL. Single-breath vital capacity high concentration sevoflurane induction in children: with or without nitrous oxide? Br J Anaesth. 2013 Jan;110(1):81-6. doi: 10.1093/bja/aes319. Epub 2012 Sep 17. PMID: 22986418.
Lejus, C., Bazin, V., Fernandez, M., Nguyen, J.M., Radosevic, A., Quere, M.F., Le Roux, C., Le Corre, A. and Pinaud, M. (2006), Inhalation induction using sevoflurane in children: the single-breath vital capacity technique compared to the tidal volume technique. Anaesthesia, 61: 535-540. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2044.2006.04661.x
Postanesthesia Care Unit Recovery Time According to Volatile Anesthetic Used in Clinical Practice
Inhalational volatile anaesthetic agents: the atmospheric scientists' viewpoint
Volatile anaesthetics and net zero: a quantitative approach for spending money effectively
Casting a Wider Net When Fishing for Mechanisms of Anesthesia
The safety of nitrous oxide: glass half-full or half-empty?
Roy RC. Agents That Came in From the Cold: Enflurane, Isoflurane, Desflurane, and Sevoflurane. Anesthesia and analgesia 2025;140(1):205-209. (In eng). DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000007017.
Eger EI, 2nd. Characteristics of anesthetic agents used for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. American journal of health-system pharmacy : AJHP : official journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists 2004;61 Suppl 4:S3-10. (In eng). DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/61.suppl_4.S3.
Agents That Came in From the Cold: Enflurane, Isoflurane, Desflurane, and Sevoflurane
Rapid inhalational induction of anaesthesia with isoflurane or halothane in humidified oxygen
Mechanisms underlying neonate-specific metabolic effects of volatile anesthetics
1. McCann ME, de Graaff JC, Dorris L, Disma N, Withington D, Bell G, Grobler A, Stargatt R, Hunt RW, Sheppard SJ et al: Neurodevelopmental outcome at 5 years of age after general anaesthesia or awake-regional anaesthesia in infancy (GAS): an international, multicentre, randomised, controlled equivalence trial. Lancet (London, England) 2019, 393(10172):664–677.
2. Sun LS, Li G, Miller TLK, Salorio C, Byrne MW, Bellinger DC, Ing C, Park R, Radcliffe J, Hays SR et al: Association Between a Single General Anesthesia Exposure Before Age 36 Months and Neurocognitive Outcomes in Later Childhood. Jama 2016, 315(21):2312–2320.
3. Hu D, Flick RP, Zaccariello MJ, Colligan RC, Katusic SK, Schroeder DR, Hanson AC, Buenvenida SL, Gleich SJ, Wilder RT et al: Association between Exposure of Young Children to Procedures Requiring General Anesthesia and Learning and Behavioral Outcomes in a Population-based Birth Cohort. Anesthesiology 2017, 127(2):227–240.
4. Johnson SC, Pan A, Sun GX, Freed A, Stokes JC, Bornstein R, Witkowski M, Li L, Ford JM, Howard CRA et al: Relevance of experimental paradigms of anesthesia induced neurotoxicity in the mouse. PloS one 2019, 14(3):e0213543.
5. Jevtovic-Todorovic V, Hartman RE, Izumi Y, Benshoff ND, Dikranian K, Zorumski CF, Olney JW, Wozniak DF: Early exposure to common anesthetic agents causes widespread neurodegeneration in the developing rat brain and persistent learning deficits. JNeurosci 2003, 23(3):876–882.
6. Davidson A, Ing C: The Second Randomized Trial to Suggest You Shouldn’t Change Your Anesthetic in Infants to Avoid Neurotoxicity. Anesthesiology 2025, 143(4):799–801.
7. Ji SH, Kang P, Cho SA, Park JB, Jang YE, Kim EH, Kim JT, Kim HS, Jung HJ, Jung HA et al: Effects of Dexmedetomidine-Remifentanil on Neurodevelopment of Children after Inhalation Anesthesia: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Anesthesiology 2025, 143(4):827–834.