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Caudal Epidural Block in Pediatric Anesthesia

Overview and Anatomy

Caudal Epidural Block: An Updated Review of Anatomy and Techniques

Volumes of the spinal canal and caudal space in children zero to three years of age assessed by magnetic resonance imaging: implications for volume dosage of caudal blockade

The prevalence of anatomical variations that can cause inadvertent dural puncture when performing caudal block in Koreans: a study using magnetic resonance imaging

The level of termination of the dural sac by MRI and its clinical relevance in caudal epidural block in adults

Measuring the depth of the caudal epidural space to prevent dural sac puncture during caudal block in children

Test Your Knowledge: newborn spinal cord

Techniques and Guidance

Caudal anesthesia in pediatrics: an update

Real-Time Ultrasound Improves Accuracy of Caudal Block in Children

Comparative evaluation of landmark technique and ultrasound-guided caudal epidural injection in pediatric population: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Confirmation of success rate of landmark-based caudal blockade in children using ultrasound: A prospective analysis

Ultrasound-guided caudal blockade and sedation for paediatric surgery: a retrospective cohort study

Real-Time Ultrasonography for the Placement of Caudal Epidurals for Thoracic Surgery in Infants: A Description of the Technique and Case Series

Tunnelling of caudal epidural catheters in infants

Adjuncts and Additives

The use of additives to local anaesthetic solutions for caudal epidural blockade

Dexmedetomidine as an adjunct for caudal anesthesia and analgesia in children

The Use of Epinephrine in Caudal Anesthesia Increases Stroke Volume and Cardiac Output in Children

Dosing, Volume, and Drug Comparisons

Reconsidering injection volume for caudal epidural block in young pediatric patients: a dynamic flow tracking experimental study

A comparison of high volume/low concentration and low volume/high concentration ropivacaine in caudal analgesia for pediatric orchiopexy

Comparison of ropivacaine 0.1% and 0.2% with bupivacaine 0.2% for single-shot caudal anaesthesia in children

Ultrasound assessment of cranial spread during caudal blockade in children: Effect of different volumes of local anesthetic

Monitoring and Physiologic Effects

The effects of caudal local anesthesia blockade on the Bispectral Index during general anesthesia in children

Detection of intravascular injection of regional anaesthetics in children

Outcomes and Safety

Are caudal blocks for pain control safe in children? an analysis of 18,650 caudal blocks from the Pediatric Regional Anesthesia Network (PRAN) database

Pediatric Regional Anesthesia Network (PRAN): a multi-institutional study of the use and incidence of complications of pediatric regional anesthesia

A Systematic Review of Caudal Anesthesia and Postoperative Outcomes in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Patients

Special Populations and Conditions

Caudal anesthesia in children with shunt devices

Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome Discovered during Ultrasound-guided Caudal Block

Ultrasonography reveals a high prevalence of lower spinal dysraphism in children with urogenital anomalies

Ultrasound determination of the dural sac to sacrococcygeal membrane distance in premature neonates

Hypospadias and Urologic Surgery

Caudal analgesia, hypospadias, and urethrocutaneous fistula: Does association mean causality?

Caudal Blocks and Hypospadias Repair Complications-Much Ado about Nothing or the Real Deal?

Caudal anesthesia is not associated with post-operative complications following distal hypospadias repair

Search: caudal & hypospadias

Comparison of caudal and ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve blocks for control of post-orchiopexy pain in pediatric ambulatory surgery

Complications and Case Reports

Case report: neurological complications associated with epidural analgesia in children: a report of 4 cases of ambiguous etiologies

Summary

(Optional section for synthesis, conclusions, or optinon references)