Caudal
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Caudal Epidural Block in Pediatric Anesthesia
Overview and Anatomy
- Caudal Epidural Block: An Updated Review of Anatomy and Techniques
- Volumes of the spinal canal and caudal space in children zero to three years of age assessed by magnetic resonance imaging: implications for volume dosage of caudal blockade
- The prevalence of anatomical variations that can cause inadvertent dural puncture when performing caudal block in Koreans: a study using magnetic resonance imaging
- The level of termination of the dural sac by MRI and its clinical relevance in caudal epidural block in adults
- Measuring the depth of the caudal epidural space to prevent dural sac puncture during caudal block in children
- Test Your Knowledge: newborn spinal cord
Techniques and Guidance
- Caudal anesthesia in pediatrics: an update
- Real-Time Ultrasound Improves Accuracy of Caudal Block in Children
- Comparative evaluation of landmark technique and ultrasound-guided caudal epidural injection in pediatric population: A systematic review and meta-analysis
- Confirmation of success rate of landmark-based caudal blockade in children using ultrasound: A prospective analysis
- Ultrasound-guided caudal blockade and sedation for paediatric surgery: a retrospective cohort study
- Real-Time Ultrasonography for the Placement of Caudal Epidurals for Thoracic Surgery in Infants: A Description of the Technique and Case Series
- Tunnelling of caudal epidural catheters in infants
Adjuncts and Additives
- The use of additives to local anaesthetic solutions for caudal epidural blockade
- Dexmedetomidine as an adjunct for caudal anesthesia and analgesia in children
- The Use of Epinephrine in Caudal Anesthesia Increases Stroke Volume and Cardiac Output in Children
Dosing, Volume, and Drug Comparisons
- Reconsidering injection volume for caudal epidural block in young pediatric patients: a dynamic flow tracking experimental study
- A comparison of high volume/low concentration and low volume/high concentration ropivacaine in caudal analgesia for pediatric orchiopexy
- Comparison of ropivacaine 0.1% and 0.2% with bupivacaine 0.2% for single-shot caudal anaesthesia in children
- Ultrasound assessment of cranial spread during caudal blockade in children: Effect of different volumes of local anesthetic
Monitoring and Physiologic Effects
- The effects of caudal local anesthesia blockade on the Bispectral Index during general anesthesia in children
- Detection of intravascular injection of regional anaesthetics in children
Outcomes and Safety
- Are caudal blocks for pain control safe in children? an analysis of 18,650 caudal blocks from the Pediatric Regional Anesthesia Network (PRAN) database
- Pediatric Regional Anesthesia Network (PRAN): a multi-institutional study of the use and incidence of complications of pediatric regional anesthesia
- A Systematic Review of Caudal Anesthesia and Postoperative Outcomes in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Patients
Special Populations and Conditions
- Caudal anesthesia in children with shunt devices
- Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome Discovered during Ultrasound-guided Caudal Block
- Ultrasonography reveals a high prevalence of lower spinal dysraphism in children with urogenital anomalies
- Ultrasound determination of the dural sac to sacrococcygeal membrane distance in premature neonates
Hypospadias and Urologic Surgery
- Caudal analgesia, hypospadias, and urethrocutaneous fistula: Does association mean causality?
- Caudal Blocks and Hypospadias Repair Complications—Much Ado about Nothing or the Real Deal?
- Caudal anesthesia is not associated with post-operative complications following distal hypospadias repair
- Search: caudal & hypospadias
- Comparison of caudal and ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve blocks for control of post-orchiopexy pain in pediatric ambulatory surgery
Complications and Case Reports
- Case report: neurological complications associated with epidural analgesia in children: a report of 4 cases of ambiguous etiologies
Summary
- (Optional section for synthesis, conclusions, or key references)
Caudal Epidural Block: An Updated Review of Anatomy and Techniques
Dexmedetomidine as an adjunct for caudal anesthesia and analgesia in children
Caudal anesthesia in pediatrics: an update
The Use of Epinephrine in Caudal Anesthesia Increases Stroke Volume and Cardiac Output in Children
Caudal anesthesia in children with shunt devices
The use of additives to local anaesthetic solutions for caudal epidural blockade
Ultrasound-guided caudal blockade and sedation for paediatric surgery: a retrospective cohort study
Detection of intravascular injection of regional anaesthetics in children
Test Your Knowledge: newborn spinal cord
Caudal analgesia, hypospadias, and urethrocutaneous fistula: Does association mean causality?
Caudal Blocks and Hypospadias Repair Complications-Much Ado about Nothing or the Real Deal?
Real-Time Ultrasound Improves Accuracy of Caudal Block in Children
Ultrasound determination of the dural sac to sacrococcygeal membrane distance in premature neonates
Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome Discovered during Ultrasound-guided Caudal Block