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Depth of Anesthesia: Difference between revisions
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<big>'''Anesthesia stages (Guedel's classification)'''<ref>Atkison, R.S., Rushman, G. B., Lee, J. Alfred, '''A synopsis of anaesthesia'''</ref>''':'''</big> | <big>'''Anesthesia stages (Guedel's classification)'''<ref>Atkison, R.S., Rushman, G. B., Lee, J. Alfred, '''A synopsis of anaesthesia'''</ref>''':'''</big> | ||
==Anesthesia Stages== | |||
<u>Stage 1: Analgesia or disorientation</u> | <u>Stage 1: Analgesia or disorientation</u> | ||
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This stage is marked by apnea and loss of all reflexes, and may lead to death. Cardiovascular and respiratory support are necessary in this stage. Pupils are widely dilated due to increased levels of adrenaline. Maximum dilation is characterized by anoxia and paralysis of the sphincter. | This stage is marked by apnea and loss of all reflexes, and may lead to death. Cardiovascular and respiratory support are necessary in this stage. Pupils are widely dilated due to increased levels of adrenaline. Maximum dilation is characterized by anoxia and paralysis of the sphincter. | ||
==Awareness during anesthesia== | |||
Awareness during general anesthesia occurs when depth of anesthesia is inadequate to achieve a state of unconsciousness.<ref>Intraoperative and Anesthesia Awareness [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK582138/#:~:text=Awareness%20under%20anesthesia%20is%20a,achieve%20a%20state%20of%20unconsciousness. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK582138/#:~:text=Awareness%20under%20anesthesia%20is%20a,achieve%20a%20state%20of%20unconsciousness.]</ref> It is characterized by recall of events during surgery, ranging from auditory to painful stimulation memories. The incidence ranges from 1:1,000 to 1:20,000,<ref>Sebel PS, Bowdle TA, Ghoneim MM, Rampil IJ, Padilla RE, Gan TJ, Domino KB. The incidence of awareness during anesthesia: a multicenter United States study. Anesth Analg. 2004 Sep;99(3):833-839</ref> being difficult to assess due to investigation dependent incidence. It is most common during induction and emergence of general anesthesia. | Awareness during general anesthesia occurs when depth of anesthesia is inadequate to achieve a state of unconsciousness.<ref>Intraoperative and Anesthesia Awareness [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK582138/#:~:text=Awareness%20under%20anesthesia%20is%20a,achieve%20a%20state%20of%20unconsciousness. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK582138/#:~:text=Awareness%20under%20anesthesia%20is%20a,achieve%20a%20state%20of%20unconsciousness.]</ref> It is characterized by recall of events during surgery, ranging from auditory to painful stimulation memories. The incidence ranges from 1:1,000 to 1:20,000,<ref>Sebel PS, Bowdle TA, Ghoneim MM, Rampil IJ, Padilla RE, Gan TJ, Domino KB. The incidence of awareness during anesthesia: a multicenter United States study. Anesth Analg. 2004 Sep;99(3):833-839</ref> being difficult to assess due to investigation dependent incidence. It is most common during induction and emergence of general anesthesia. | ||
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Purdon P et al. Brit J of Anaesth. 10.1093 46-57 | Purdon P et al. Brit J of Anaesth. 10.1093 46-57 | ||
==References== | |||