During a hemodynamic catheterization, high left atrial pressure could be associated with all of the following EXCEPT:
a) Volume overload
b) Left ventricular failure
c) Mitral regurgitation
d) Obstructed total anomalous pulmonary venous connection
Answer d. Left atrial pressure is elevated with regurgitant or stenotic lesions of the left atrioventricular valve, especially in the absence of an atrial shunt. It may also be elevated with heart failure or with severe volume overload. However, it would be expecte to be low in patients with obstructed TAPVR, when pulmonary venous return to the LA is diminished.