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'''PedsAnesthesiaWiki'''
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'''If you are interested in participating in this huge, Global project, please go ahead and [https://pedsanesthesia.net/wiki/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Main+Page register]! If you are reluctant, please contact me [mailto:DrBobGreenberg@PedsAnesthesia.net here] or on the [https://pedsanesthesia.net/forum forum]. Authorship may be recognized by your institution and contribute to "published works" for academic promotion.
'''<small>If you are interested in participating in this huge, Global project, please go ahead and [https://pedsanesthesia.net/wiki/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Main+Page register]! If you are reluctant, please contact me [mailto:DrBobGreenberg@PedsAnesthesia.net here] or on the [https://pedsanesthesia.net/forum forum]. Authorship may be recognized by your institution and contribute to "published works" for academic promotion.</small>'''
'''


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==Introductory Topics==  
==Introductory Topics==  


:[[Preface]]  
:[[Preface]]
:[[Disclaimer]]
:[[Disclaimer]]


:[[The Editing Team]]  
:[[The Editing Team]]
:[[History of Pediatric Anesthesia]]  
:[[History of Pediatric Anesthesia]]
:[[Pediatric Anesthesia Worldwide]]  
:[[Pediatric Anesthesia Worldwide]]
:[[Measuring Outcome in Pediatric Anesthesia]]  
:[[Measuring Outcome in Pediatric Anesthesia]]
:[[Basic Pediatric Concepts]]  
:[[Basic Pediatric Concepts]]


===Training/Education/Certification===
===Training/Education/Certification===
Line 25: Line 22:
::[[Educational Principles]]
::[[Educational Principles]]
::[[Certification Processes]]
::[[Certification Processes]]
:[[TYK About | Test Your Knowledge]]  
:[[TYK About | Test Your Knowledge]]


===Basic Clinical Information [WFSA Update Volume 30]===
===Basic Clinical Information [WFSA Update Volume 30]===
Line 31: Line 28:


===The Growing Child===  
===The Growing Child===  
:[[Embryology]]  
:[[Embryology]]
:[[Development]]  
:[[Development]]
:[[Growth]]  
:[[Growth]]
:[[Developmental Psychology]]  
:[[Developmental Psychology]]


===Anatomy & Physiology===  
===Anatomy & Physiology===  
:[[Respiratory System]]  
:[[Respiratory System]]
:[[Cardiovascular System]]  
:[[Cardiovascular System]]
:[[Renal System]]  
:[[Renal System]]
:[[Endocrine System]]  
:[[Endocrine System]]
:[[Nervous System]]  
:[[Nervous System]]
:[[Temperature Regulation]]  
:[[Temperature Regulation]]
:[[Fluid & Electrolytes]]  
:[[Fluid & Electrolytes]]
:[[Coagulation & Bleeding]]  
:[[Coagulation & Bleeding]]
:[[Pharmacology]]  
:[[Pharmacology]]  
::[[Clinical Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics in children]]  
::[[Clinical Pharmacokinetics & Pharmacodynamics in children]]
::[[Anesthetic Agents]]  
::[[Anesthetic Agents]]
::[[Opiates & Sedatives]]  
::[[Opiates & Sedatives]]
::[[Muscle Relaxants]]
::[[Muscle Relaxants]]
===Monitoring===
===Monitoring===
Line 64: Line 61:
:[[Automated Internal Defibrillators]]
:[[Automated Internal Defibrillators]]


===Ethical Issues in Pediatric Anesthesia===  
===Ethical Issues in Pediatric Anesthesia===
:[[Ethical Constructs relevant to Pediatric Anesthesia]]  
:[[Ethical Constructs relevant to Pediatric Anesthesia]]
:[[The Emancipated Minor]]  
:[[The Emancipated Minor]]
:[[Assent/Consent]]  
:[[Assent/Consent]]
:[[The child of a Jehovah's Witness]]
:[[The child of a Jehovah's Witness]]
:[[Anesthesia in Low Resource Settings]]
:[[Anesthesia in Low Resource Settings]]
:[[Global Pediatric Anesthesia]]
:[[Global Pediatric Anesthesia]]


=== The Law and Pediatric Anesthesia ===
===The Law and Pediatric Anesthesia===  
:[[The Making of Medical Malpractice Suit]]
:[[The Making of Medical Malpractice Suit]]


Line 80: Line 77:
:[[General Preoperative Assessment]]
:[[General Preoperative Assessment]]
:[[Psychological Preparation of the Pediatric Patient & Family]]
:[[Psychological Preparation of the Pediatric Patient & Family]]
:[[The Fetus]]  
:[[The Fetus]]
:[[The Pre-Term Infant]]
:[[The Pre-Term Infant]]
:[[The Infant]]  
:[[The Infant]]
:[[The Child]]  
:[[The Child]]
:[[The Adolescent]]  
:[[The Adolescent]]
:[[The Adult-aged Pediatric Patient]]  
:[[The Adult-aged Pediatric Patient]]
:[[The Former Premature Patient]]  
:[[The Former Premature Patient]]
:[[Upper Respiratory Infection]]  
:[[Upper Respiratory Infection]]
:[[Obstructive Sleep Apnea]]  
:[[Obstructive Sleep Apnea]]
:[[Preoperative Fasting]]
:[[Preoperative Fasting]]


Line 100: Line 97:


===Anesthetic Induction===  
===Anesthetic Induction===  
:[[Parental Presence During Induction]]  
:[[Parental Presence During Induction]]
:[[Magic as a Distration Technique]]  
:[[Magic as a Distration Technique]]
:[[Distracting Devices]]  
:[[Distracting Devices]]


===Maintenance of Anesthesia===  
===Maintenance of Anesthesia===  
:[[Fluid Management]]
:[[Fluid Management]]


:[[Neuromuscular Blockade]]  
:[[Neuromuscular Blockade]]


:[[Blood Products]]  
:[[Blood Products]]


:[[Temperature Management]]
:[[Temperature Management]]
Line 118: Line 115:


Drugs
Drugs
:[[Volatile Anesthetics]]  
:[[Volatile Anesthetics]]
:[[Total Intravenous Anesthesia]]
:[[Total Intravenous Anesthesia]]
:[[Dexmedetomidine]]
:[[Dexmedetomidine]]
Line 131: Line 128:
===Emergence/Recovery from Anesthesia===  
===Emergence/Recovery from Anesthesia===  
:[[Deep Extubation]]
:[[Deep Extubation]]
:[[Emergence Agitation/Delirium]]  
:[[Emergence Agitation/Delirium]]
:[[Post Operative Nausea & Vomiting]]  
:[[Post Operative Nausea & Vomiting]]
:[[Pain Management in the Recovery Room]]
:[[Pain Management in the Recovery Room]]


===Airway Management===  
===Airway Management===  
:[[Basic Airway Anatomy of the Pediatric Patient]]  
:[[Basic Airway Anatomy of the Pediatric Patient]]
:[[Basic Airway Management of the Pediatric Patient]]  
:[[Basic Airway Management of the Pediatric Patient]]
:[[Basic Laryngoscopy and Intubation]]
:[[Basic Laryngoscopy and Intubation]]
:[[Basic Nasal Intubation]]
:[[Basic Nasal Intubation]]
:[[Recognizing and Managing the Difficult Pediatric Airway]]  
:[[Recognizing and Managing the Difficult Pediatric Airway]]
:[[Difficult Airway Response Teams]]  
:[[Difficult Airway Response Teams]]
:[[Advanced Airway Techniques]]
:[[Advanced Airway Techniques]]
:[[One Lung Ventilation]]
:[[One Lung Ventilation]]
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===Vascular Access===  
===Vascular Access===  
:[[Intravenous catheter placement & Care]]  
:[[Intravenous catheter placement & Care]]
:[[Central Venous Catheter placement & Care]]  
:[[Central Venous Catheter placement & Care]]
:[[Intraosseous Access & Care]]  
:[[Intraosseous Access & Care]]
:[[Arterial catheter placement & Care]]
:[[Arterial catheter placement & Care]]
:[[Intranasal Drug Delivery]]
:[[Intranasal Drug Delivery]]
Line 161: Line 158:
:[[Principles of Regional Anesthesia in Children]]
:[[Principles of Regional Anesthesia in Children]]


:[[The use of Ultrasound for Regional Anesthesia]]  
:[[The use of Ultrasound for Regional Anesthesia]]


:[[Local Anesthetics in Children]]  
:[[Local Anesthetics in Children]]
:[[Local Anesthetic Adjuncts in Children]]
:[[Local Anesthetic Adjuncts in Children]]
:[[Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity - LAST]]
:[[Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity - LAST]]
Line 169: Line 166:


:[[Axial Blockade]] ([[Caudal]], [[Lumbar Epidural]], [[Thoracic Epidural]], [[Spinal]])
:[[Axial Blockade]] ([[Caudal]], [[Lumbar Epidural]], [[Thoracic Epidural]], [[Spinal]])
:[[Head & Neck]]  
:[[Head & Neck]]
:[[Upper Extremity]] ([[Interscalene]], [[Supraclavicular]], [[Infraclavicular]], [[Axillary]], [[Peripheral Arm]], [[Intravenous Regional (Bier)]])
:[[Upper Extremity]] ([[Interscalene]], [[Supraclavicular]], [[Infraclavicular]], [[Axillary]], [[Peripheral Arm]], [[Intravenous Regional (Bier)]])
:[[Thorax]] ([[Intercostal]], [[Paravertebral]], [[Erector Spinae Plane]])
:[[Thorax]] ([[Intercostal]], [[Paravertebral]], [[Erector Spinae Plane]])
:[[Abdomen]] ([[Rectus Sheath]], [[Transversus Abdominus Plane]], [[Quadratus Lumborum]], [[Ileoinguinal/Ileohypogastric]], [[Pudendal]], [[Penile]])  
:[[Abdomen]] ([[Rectus Sheath]], [[Transversus Abdominus Plane]], [[Quadratus Lumborum]], [[Ileoinguinal/Ileohypogastric]], [[Pudendal]], [[Penile]])
:[[Lower Extremity]] ([[Femoral]], [[Adductor Canal]], [[Sciatic]], [[Popliteal]], [[Ankle]])  
:[[Lower Extremity]] ([[Femoral]], [[Adductor Canal]], [[Sciatic]], [[Popliteal]], [[Ankle]])


:[[Continuous Catheter Infusion (Outside of Hospital)]]
:[[Continuous Catheter Infusion (Outside of Hospital)]]
Line 185: Line 182:
:[[Pediatric CPR]]
:[[Pediatric CPR]]
:[[Code Teams]]
:[[Code Teams]]
:[[PALS Protocols]]  
:[[PALS Protocols]]
:[[Prone CPR]]
:[[Prone CPR]]
:[[ECMO]]
:[[ECMO]]
Line 203: Line 200:
:[[Cystic Fibrosis]]
:[[Cystic Fibrosis]]
:[[Di George syndrome (22q11.2 deletion syndrome)]]
:[[Di George syndrome (22q11.2 deletion syndrome)]]
:[[Diabetes]]  
:[[Diabetes]]
:[[Down Syndrome]]  
:[[Down Syndrome]]
:[[Duchenne muscular dystrophy]]
:[[Duchenne muscular dystrophy]]
:[[Epidermolysis Bullosa]]
:[[Epidermolysis Bullosa]]
:[[Genetic Disease]]  
:[[Genetic Disease]]
:[[Goldenhar syndrome]]
:[[Goldenhar syndrome]]
:[[Guillain–Barré syndrome]]
:[[Guillain–Barré syndrome]]
:[[Inherited metabolic disorders]]
:[[Inherited metabolic disorders]]
:[[Klippel-Feil syndrome]]
:[[Klippel-Feil syndrome]]
:[[Malignant Hyperthermia]]  
:[[Malignant Hyperthermia]]
:[[Mitochondrial Disease]]
:[[Mitochondrial Disease]]
:[[Mucopolysaccharidoses]]
:[[Mucopolysaccharidoses]]
Line 234: Line 231:


==Procedure Based Discussions==  
==Procedure Based Discussions==  
:[[Generalized Suggested Outline]]  
:[[Generalized Suggested Outline]]


===General Surgery===  
=== General Surgery===
:[[Gastrochisis]]  
:[[Gastrochisis]]
:[[Omphalocoele]]  
:[[Omphalocoele]]
:[[Pyloric Stenosis]]  
:[[Pyloric Stenosis]]
:[[Umbilical Hernia]]  
:[[Umbilical Hernia]]
:[[Inguinal Hernia]]  
:[[Inguinal Hernia]]
:[[Diaphragmatic Hernia]]  
:[[Diaphragmatic Hernia]]
:[[Cystic Adenomatous Malformation (CAM)]]  
:[[Cystic Adenomatous Malformation (CAM)]]
:[[Tracheo-Esophageal Fistula]]  
:[[Tracheo-Esophageal Fistula]]
:[[Umbilical Herniorrphy]]  
:[[Umbilical Herniorrphy]]
:[[Central Line Placement (Hickman/Broviac/Infusaport)]]  
:[[Central Line Placement (Hickman/Broviac/Infusaport)]]
:[[Trauma]]  
:[[Trauma]]
:[[Burns]]
:[[Burns]]
:[[Pectus Excavatum/Carinatum]]
:[[Pectus Excavatum/Carinatum]]
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===Transplant===  
===Transplant===  
:[[Liver Transplant]]  
:[[Liver Transplant]]
:[[Renal Transplant]]  
:[[Renal Transplant]]


===ENT===  
===ENT===  
:[[Myringotomy Tubes]]  
:[[Myringotomy Tubes]]
:[[Tonsillectomy/Adenoidectomy]]  
:[[Tonsillectomy/Adenoidectomy]]
:[[Mastoidectomy]]  
:[[Mastoidectomy]]
:[[Tracheostomy]]  
:[[Tracheostomy]]
:[[Cricoid Split Procedure]]  
:[[Cricoid Split Procedure]]
:[[Suspension Micro Laryngoscopy]]
:[[Suspension Micro Laryngoscopy]]
:[[Bone Anchored Hearing Aid (BAHA)]]
:[[Bone Anchored Hearing Aid (BAHA)]]
Line 283: Line 280:


===Dental/Oral Surgery===  
===Dental/Oral Surgery===  
:[[Dental Restoration]]  
:[[Dental Restoration]]
:[[Dental Extraction]]
:[[Dental Extraction]]
:[[Dental Sedation]]
:[[Dental Sedation]]


===Orthopedics===  
===Orthopedics ===  
:[[Idiopathic Scoliosis]]  
:[[Idiopathic Scoliosis]]
:[[Neuromuscular Scoliosis]]  
:[[Neuromuscular Scoliosis]]
:[[Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis]]  
:[[Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis]]
:[[Upper Extremity Fracture]]  
:[[Upper Extremity Fracture]]
:[[Lower Extremity Fracture]]
:[[Lower Extremity Fracture]]
:[[Bone Cement]]
:[[Bone Cement]]


===Neurosurgery===  
===Neurosurgery===  
:[[Brain Tumor Craniotomy]]  
:[[Brain Tumor Craniotomy]]
:[[Arnold Chiari Malformation]]  
:[[Arnold Chiari Malformation]]
:[[Ventriculo-Peritoneal Shunt]]  
:[[Ventriculo-Peritoneal Shunt]]
:[[Spinal Cord Untethering]]
:[[Spinal Cord Untethering]]
:[[Spinal Cord Injury]]
:[[Spinal Cord Injury]]
Line 305: Line 302:
===Plastics===  
===Plastics===  
:[[Craniosynostosis]]
:[[Craniosynostosis]]
:[[Craniofacial Reconstruction]]  
:[[Craniofacial Reconstruction]]
:[[Cleft Palate]]  
:[[Cleft Palate]]
:[[LeFort Advancement]]  
:[[LeFort Advancement]]
:[[Pierre Robin Mandibular Distraction]]
:[[Pierre Robin Mandibular Distraction]]


===Urology===  
===Urology===  
:[[Circumcision]]  
:[[Circumcision]]
:[[Inguinal Hernia]]  
:[[Inguinal Hernia]]
:[[Cystoscopy]]  
:[[Cystoscopy]]
:[[Hypospadias]]  
:[[Hypospadias]]
:[[Ureteral Re-Implantation]]  
:[[Ureteral Re-Implantation]]
:[[Bladder Augmentation]]  
:[[Bladder Augmentation]]
:[[Neonatal Exstrophy]]
:[[Neonatal Exstrophy]]
:[[Testicular Torsion]]
:[[Testicular Torsion]]
Line 331: Line 328:


===Ophthalmology===  
===Ophthalmology===  
:[[Strabismus]]  
:[[Strabismus]]
:[[Glacoma]]  
:[[Glacoma]]
:[[Retina]]  
:[[Retina]]
:[[Retinoblastoma]]  
:[[Retinoblastoma]]
:[[Nasolacrimal Duct]]  
:[[Nasolacrimal Duct]]
:[[Ptosis]]  
:[[Ptosis]]
:[[Open Globe]]  
:[[Open Globe]]
:[[Orbital Trauma/Fracture]]  
:[[Orbital Trauma/Fracture]]


===Cardiac/Congenital Heart Disease===
===Cardiac/Congenital Heart Disease===
Line 349: Line 346:


===Gastroenterology===  
===Gastroenterology===  
:[[Upper Endoscopy]]  
:[[Upper Endoscopy]]
:[[Lower Endoscopy/Colonoscopy]]  
:[[Lower Endoscopy/Colonoscopy]]
:[[Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreaticogram]]  
:[[Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreaticogram]]
:[[Liver Biopsy]]  
:[[Liver Biopsy]]


===Oncology===  
===Oncology===  
:[[Perioperative Care of the Child with Cancer]]
:[[Perioperative Care of the Child with Cancer]]
:[[Lumbar Puncture]]  
:[[Lumbar Puncture]]
:[[Bone Marrow Aspirate/Biopsy]]
:[[Bone Marrow Aspirate/Biopsy]]
:[[Bone Marrow Harvest]]
:[[Bone Marrow Harvest]]
Line 375: Line 372:
===Radiology===  
===Radiology===  
:[[Interventional Radiology]]  
:[[Interventional Radiology]]  
::[[Gastic-Jejunal Feeding Tube Insertion]]  
::[[Gastic-Jejunal Feeding Tube Insertion]]
::[[Vascular/Lymphatic Malformation]]  
::[[Vascular/Lymphatic Malformation]]
::[[Whittaker Procedure]]  
::[[Whittaker Procedure]]
::[[Endovascular Liver Biopsy]]  
::[[Endovascular Liver Biopsy]]
::[[Cyst Drainage]]
::[[Cyst Drainage]]
::[[Ophthalmic Artery Injection]]
::[[Ophthalmic Artery Injection]]
:[[Magnetic Resonance Imaging]]  
:[[Magnetic Resonance Imaging]]  
::[[Head/Body]]  
::[[Head/Body]]
::[[Cardiac MRI]]
::[[Cardiac MRI]]


===Pain Management===  
===Pain Management===  
:[[Perioperative Analgesic Pharmacology in Children (WFSA)]]
:[[Perioperative Analgesic Pharmacology in Children (WFSA)]]
:[[Overview of Pain in Children]]  
:[[Overview of Pain in Children]]
:[[Factors that Modulate Pediatric Pain]]  
:[[Factors that Modulate Pediatric Pain]]
:[[Assessment of Pain in Children]]  
:[[Assessment of Pain in Children]]
:[[Multimodal Pain Management in Children]]  
:[[Multimodal Pain Management in Children]]
:[[Pain Treatment in Children]]  
:[[Pain Treatment in Children]]
::[[Acute Pain]]
::[[Acute Pain]]
:::[[Surgical]]  
:::[[Surgical]]
:::[[Medical]]  
:::[[Medical]]
::[[Chronic Pain]]  
::[[Chronic Pain]]  
:::[[Acute Pain that Becomes Chronic]]  
:::[[Acute Pain that Becomes Chronic]]
:::[[Surgical]]  
:::[[Surgical]]
:::[[Medical]]  
:::[[Medical]]
:[[Patient/Nurse/Parent Controlled Analgesia]]  
:[[Patient/Nurse/Parent Controlled Analgesia]]
:[[Patient Controlled Epidural Anesthesia]]
:[[Patient Controlled Epidural Anesthesia]]
:[[Cancer Pain]]
:[[Cancer Pain]]
:[[Pain Management in the Intensive Care Unit]]
:[[Pain Management in the Intensive Care Unit]]


===Palliative Care===
===Palliative Care ===
:[[Principles of Pediatric Palliative Care]]
:[[Principles of Pediatric Palliative Care]]
:[[Transitioning to Palliative Care]]
:[[Transitioning to Palliative Care]]
Line 410: Line 407:
:[[Techniques in the Palliative Setting]]
:[[Techniques in the Palliative Setting]]


===Care of the Pediatric Anesthesiologist===
=== Care of the Pediatric Anesthesiologist ===
:[[Psychologic Stress]]
:[[Psychologic Stress]]
:[[Imposter Syndrome]]
:[[Imposter Syndrome]]
Line 416: Line 413:
==Operational/Procedural Topics==  
==Operational/Procedural Topics==  
===Operating Suite Design and Implementation===  
===Operating Suite Design and Implementation===  
:[[Pre-operative Evaluation Center]]  
:[[Pre-operative Evaluation Center]]
:[[Pre-operative In-Take]]  
:[[Pre-operative In-Take]]
:[[Operating Room Design]]  
:[[Operating Room Design]]
:[[Post-anesthesia Care Unit]]  
:[[Post-anesthesia Care Unit]]
:[[Remote Anesthesia Locations]]  
:[[Remote Anesthesia Locations]]  
::[[Radiology]]  
::[[Radiology]]
::[[Magnetic Resonance Suite]]  
::[[Magnetic Resonance Suite]]
::[[Cardiac Catheterization]]  
::[[Cardiac Catheterization]]
::[[Pet Scanner]]  
::[[Pet Scanner]]
::[[CT Scanner]]  
::[[CT Scanner]]
::[[Emergency Department]]
::[[Emergency Department]]
:[[Environmental and Occupational Considerations]]
:[[Environmental and Occupational Considerations]]
Line 435: Line 432:
:[[Creating a Sedation Service]]
:[[Creating a Sedation Service]]


===Recovery of the Pediatric Patient===  
=== Recovery of the Pediatric Patient===  
:[[Post Operative Nausea & Vomiting]]  
:[[Post Operative Nausea & Vomiting]]
:[[Pain Management in the Recovery Room]]
:[[Pain Management in the Recovery Room]]
:[[Post-Operative Nursing Care]]
:[[Post-Operative Nursing Care]]
:[[Emergence Delirium]]
:[[Emergence Delirium]]


===Personnel Safety in the Pediatric Environment===
===Personnel Safety in the Pediatric Environment===  
:[[Operating Room Fires]]
:[[Operating Room Fires]]


===Special Topics in Mass Casualty Incidents===
===Special Topics in Mass Casualty Incidents ===
:[[Principles of MCI and Pediatrics]]
:[[Principles of MCI and Pediatrics]]


===Low Resource Environments===
=== Low Resource Environments===  
:[[Low Resource Environment Issues]]
:[[Low Resource Environment Issues]]


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