Paediatric caudal anaesthesia: Difference between revisions

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== REFERENCES ==
== REFERENCES ==
Raux O, Dadure C, Carr J, Rochette A, Capdevila X. Paediatric caudal anaesthesia. Update in Anaesthesia (2010) 26:32-36. Available from: <nowiki>http://www.wfsahq.org/documents/Update%20in%20Anaesthesia/</nowiki> update%20026%202010.pdf  
Raux O, Dadure C, Carr J, Rochette A, Capdevila X. Paediatric caudal anaesthesia. Update in Anaesthesia (2010) 26:32-36. Available from: <nowiki>http://www.wfsahq.org/documents/Update%20in%20Anaesthesia/</nowiki> update%20026%202010.pdf
 
1. Adewale L, Dearlove O, Wilson B, Hindle K, Robinson DN. The caudal canal in children: a study using magnetic resonance imaging. Paediatr Anaesth 2000; 10: 137-41.
 
2. Dalens B, Hasnaoui A. Caudal anesthesia in pediatric surgery: success rate and adverse effects in 750 consecutive patients. Anesth analg 1989; 68: 83-9.
 
3. Orme RM, Berg SJ. The “swoosh” test - an evaluation of a modified “whoosh” test in children. Br J Anaesth 2003; 90: 62-5.
 
4. Tsui BC, Tarkkila P, Gupta S, Kearney R. Confirmation of caudal needle placement using nerve stimulation. Anesthesiology 1999; 91: 374-8.
 
5. Raghunathan K, Schwartz D, Conelly NR. Determining the accuracy of caudal needle placement in children: a comparison of the swoosh test and ultrasonography. Paediatr Anaesth 2008; 18: 606-12.
 
6. Roberts SA, Guruswamy V, Galvez I. Caudal injectate can be reliably imaged using portable ultrasound - a preliminary result. Paediatr anaesth 2005; 15: 948-52.
 
7. Schwartz DA, Dunn SM, Conelly NR. Ultrasound and caudal blocks in children. Paediatr Anaesth 2006; 16: 892-902 (correspondence).
 
8. Tsui BC, Berde CB. Caudal analgesia and anesthesia techniques in children. Curr Op Anesthesiol 2005; 18: 283-8.
 
9. Kost-Byerly S, Tobin JR, Greenberg RS, Billett C, Zahurak M, Yaster M. Bacterial colonisation and infectious rate of continuous epidural catheters in children. Anesth Analg 1998; 86: 712-6.
 
10. Valairucha S, Seefelder D, Houck CS. Thoracic epidural catheters placed by the caudal route in infants: the importance of radiographic confirmation. Paediatr Anaesth 2002; 12: 424-8.
 
11. Bubeck J, Boss K, Krause H, Thies KC. Subcutaneous tunneling of caudal catheters reduces the rate of bacterial colonization to that of lumbar epidural catheters. Anesth Analg 2004; 99: 689-93.
 
12. Tsui BC, Wagner A, Cave D, Kearny R. Thoracic and lumbar epidural analgesia via the caudal approach using electrical stimulation guidance in pediatric patients: a review of 289 patients. Anesthesiology 2004; 100: 683-9.
 
13. Chawathe MS, Jones RM, Gildersleve CD, Harrison SK, Morris SJ, Eickmann C. Detection of epidural catheters with ultrasound in children. Paediatr Anaesth 2003; 13: 681-4.
 
14. Bösenberg AT. Epidural analgesia for major neonatal surgery. Paediatr Anaesth 1998; 8: 479-83.
 
15. Giaufré E, Dalens B, Gombert A. Epidemiology and morbidity of regional anesthesia in children: a one-year prospective survey of the French-language society of pediatric anesthesiologists. Anesth Analg 1996; 83: 904-12.
 
16. Kozek-Langenecker SA, Marhofer P, Jonas K, Macik T, Urak G, Semsroth M. Cardiovascular criteria for epidural test dosing in sevoflurane- and halothane-anesthetized children. Anesth Analg 2000; 90: 579-83.
 
17. Tobias JD. Caudal epidural block: a review of test dosing and recognition injection in children. Anesth Analg 2001; 93: 1156-61.
 
18. Armitage EN. Local anaesthetic techniques for prevention of postoperative pain. Br J Anaesth 1986; 58: 790-800.
 
19. Bösenberg AT, Thomas J, Lopez T, Huledal G, Jeppsson L, Larsson LE. Plasma concentrations of ropivacaine following a single-shot caudal block of 1, 2 or 3 mg/kg in children. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2001; 10: 1276-80.
 
20. Breschan C, Jost R, Krumpholz R, Schaumberger F, Stettner H, Marhofer P, Likar R. A prospective study comparing the analgesic efficacy of levobupivacaine, ropivacaine and bupivacaine in pediatric patients undergoing caudal blockade. Paediatr Anaesth 2005; 15: 301-6.
 
21. Menzies R, Congreve K, Herodes V, Berg S, Mason DG. A survey of pediatric caudal extradural anesthesia practice. Paediatr Anaesth 2009; 19: 829-36.
 
22. Walker SM, Westin BD, Deumens R, Grafe M, Yaksh TL. Effects of intrathecal ketamine in the neonatal rat. Evaluation of apoptosis and long-term functional outcome. Anesthesiology 2010; 113: 147-59.
 
23. Walker SM, Yaksh TL. Neuraxial analgesia in neonates and infants: a review of clinical and preclinical strategies for the development of safety and efficacy data. Anesth Analg 2012; 115: 638-62.
 
24. Fellmann C, Gerber AC, Weiss M. Apnoea in a former preterm infant after caudal bupivacaine with clonidine for inguinal herniorrhaphy. Paediatr Anaesth 2002; 12: 637-40.
 
25. Cohen IT. Caudal block complication in a patient with trisomy 13. Paediatr Anaesth 2006; 16: 213-5.
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