Opiates: Difference between revisions
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General | |||
<b>General</b> | |||
[https://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article/134/4/645/110740/Perioperative-Opioid-AdministrationA-Critical Perioperative Opioid Administration: A Critical Review of Opioid-free versus Opioid-sparing Approaches] | [https://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article/134/4/645/110740/Perioperative-Opioid-AdministrationA-Critical Perioperative Opioid Administration: A Critical Review of Opioid-free versus Opioid-sparing Approaches] | ||
[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34874401/ | [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34874401/ Opioids and Public Health: The Prescription Opioid Ecosystem and Need for Improved Management] | ||
[https://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article/134/4/A17/115448/ Bringing Back the Balance: Opioid Reduction in Anesthesia] | [https://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article/134/4/A17/115448/ Bringing Back the Balance: Opioid Reduction in Anesthesia] | ||
[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6942078/ Naloxone Dosing After Opioid Overdose in the Era of Illicitly Manufactured Fentanyl] | [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6942078/ Naloxone Dosing After Opioid Overdose in the Era of Illicitly Manufactured Fentanyl] | ||
[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30868958/ Comparison of Fentanyl, Remifentanil, Sufentanil and Alfentanil in Combination with Propofol for General Anesthesia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials] | [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30868958/ Comparison of Fentanyl, Remifentanil, Sufentanil and Alfentanil in Combination with Propofol for General Anesthesia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials] | ||
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[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1521689623000046 Intrathecal opioids for the management of post-operative pain] | [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1521689623000046 Intrathecal opioids for the management of post-operative pain] | ||
[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ | [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38100803/ Bolus Dose Administration of Fentanyl in Obese Children: Do Settle for Less] | ||
[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12630-025-02921-7 Prolonged opioid use after surgery in children, adolescents, and young adults: a systematic review] | |||
[https://www.bjaopen.org/article/S2772-6096(25)00133-9/fulltext New persistent opioid use after surgery and traumatic injury: a narrative review of global rates, risk factors, and healthcare interventions] | |||
[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pan.13639 The Society for Pediatric Anesthesia recommendations for the use of opioids in children during the perioperative period] | |||
<b>Allergy</b> | |||
[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31638447/ Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation of Opioid Allergy Labels - A Review] | |||
[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28550985/ Opioid Hypersensitivity: Predictors of Allergy and Role of Drug Provocation Testing] | |||
[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31253049/ Assessment of Opioid Cross-reactivity and Provider Perceptions in Hospitalized Patients With Reported Opioid Allergies] | |||
Morphine | <b>Morphine</b> | ||
[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ | [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37014986/ Morphine pharmacokinetics in early infancy] | ||
[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33170454/ Hydromorphone versus morphine: a historical cohort study to evaluate the quality of postoperative analgesia] | [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33170454/ Hydromorphone versus morphine: a historical cohort study to evaluate the quality of postoperative analgesia] | ||
[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37014986/ Morphine and Hydromorphone Effects, Side Effects, and Variability: A Crossover Study in Human Volunteers] | |||
[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28448398/ Intrathecal Morphine Versus Extended-Release Epidural Morphine for Postoperative Pain Control in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Posterior Spinal Fusion] | |||
[https://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/fulltext/2025/09000/the_influence_of_pharmacogenetic_factors_on_the.19.aspx The Influence of Pharmacogenetic Factors on the Pharmacokinetics of Morphine and Its Metabolites in Pediatric Patients: A Systematic Review] | |||
Methadone | [https://associationofanaesthetists-publications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/anae.16606 Pulmonary complications after intrathecal morphine administration: a systematic review and meta-analysis with meta-regression and trial sequential analysis] | ||
<b>Methadone</b> | |||
[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24666686/ The pharmacokinetics of methadone and its metabolites in neonates, infants, and children] | [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24666686/ The pharmacokinetics of methadone and its metabolites in neonates, infants, and children] | ||
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[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32905725/ Methadone and a Clinical Pathway in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Surgery: A Historically Controlled Study] | [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32905725/ Methadone and a Clinical Pathway in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Surgery: A Historically Controlled Study] | ||
Murphy GS, Szokol JW. Intraoperative methadone in surgical patients: a review of clinical investigations. Anesthesiology. 2019 Sep; 131(3): 678-692. PMID: 31094758 | |||
Fentanyl | Sharma A, Tallchief D, Blood J, Kim T, London A, Kharasch ED. Perioperative pharmacokinetics of methadone in adolescents. Anesthesiology. 2011 Dec; 115(6): 1153-1161. PMID: 22037641 | ||
[https://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article/doi/10.1097/ALN.0000000000005034/141502/Intraoperative-Methadone-and-Postoperative Intraoperative Methadone and Postoperative Anesthesia Care Unit Outcomes: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis] | |||
[https://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article/doi/10.1097/ALN.0000000000005031/140094/Single-Dose-Intraoperative-Methadone-for-Pain Single-dose Intraoperative Methadone for Pain Management in Pediatric Tonsillectomy: A Randomized Double-blind Clinical Trial] | |||
[https://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/fulltext/2026/04000/intraoperative_methadone_versus_other_opioids__a.16.aspx Intraoperative Methadone Versus Other Opioids: A Retrospective Review of Postoperative Outcomes in Pediatric Surgeries] | |||
[https://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/fulltext/2026/05000/comment_on___intraoperative_methadone_versus_other.32.aspx Comment on: “Intraoperative Methadone Versus Other Opioids: A Retrospective Review of Postoperative Outcomes in Pediatric Surgeries”] | |||
<b>Hydromorphone</b> | |||
[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37014986/ Morphine and Hydromorphone Effects, Side Effects, and Variability: A Crossover Study in Human Volunteers] | |||
[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33461958/ Morphine or hydromorphone: which should be preferred? A systematic review] | |||
<b>Fentanyl</b> | |||
[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33604895/ Analysis of fentanyl pharmacokinetics, and its sedative effects and tolerance in critically ill children] | [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33604895/ Analysis of fentanyl pharmacokinetics, and its sedative effects and tolerance in critically ill children] | ||
[https:// | [https://journals.lww.com/anesthesiology/citation/1987/03000/the_dose_response_of_fentanyl_in_neonatal.35.aspx The Dose Response of Fentanyl in Neonatal Anesthesia] | ||
[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34030211/ The anomalous pharmacology of fentanyl] | [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34030211/ The anomalous pharmacology of fentanyl] | ||
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[https://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/fulltext/2024/01000/population_pharmacokinetics_of_single_bolus_dose.13.aspx Population Pharmacokinetics of Single Bolus Dose Fentanyl in Obese Children] | [https://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/fulltext/2024/01000/population_pharmacokinetics_of_single_bolus_dose.13.aspx Population Pharmacokinetics of Single Bolus Dose Fentanyl in Obese Children] | ||
[https:// | [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37801572/ Population Pharmacokinetics of Single Bolus Dose Fentanyl in Obese Children] | ||
[https://journals.lww.com/anesthesiology/fulltext/2025/11000/fentanyl_induced_ventilatory_depression_.15.aspx Fentanyl-induced Ventilatory Depression: Population Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Framework for Evaluation of Opioid-induced Ventilatory Depression] | |||
Of historical importance… | |||
Stanley TH, Webster LR: Anesthetic requirements and cardiovascular effects of fentanyl- oxygen and fentanyl-diazepam-oxygen anesthesia in man. AnesthAnalg 1978, 57(4):411–416. | |||
Robinson S, Gregory GA: Fentanyl-air-oxygen anesthesia for ligation of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants. AnesthAnalg 1981, 60(5):331–334. | |||
Yaster M: The dose response of fentanyl in neonatal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1987, 66(3):433–435. | |||
Anand KJ, Sippell WG, Aynsley-Green A: Randomised trial of fentanyl anaesthesia in preterm babies undergoing surgery: effects on the stress response. Lancet (London, England) 1987, 1(8524):62–66. | |||
Anand KJ, Hickey PR: Halothane-morphine compared with high-dose sufentanil for anesthesia and postoperative analgesia in neonatal cardiac surgery [see comments]. NEnglJMed 1992, 326(1):1–9. | |||
ED, Clark JD, Adams JM: Opioids and Public Health: The Prescription Opioid Ecosystem and Need for Improved Management. Anesthesiology 2022, 136(1):10–30. | |||
Stanley TH, Egan TD, Van Aken H: A tribute to Dr. Paul A. J. Janssen: entrepreneur extraordinaire, innovative scientist, and significant contributor to anesthesiology. Anesthesia and analgesia 2008, 106(2):451–462, table of contents. | |||
Buprenorphine | <b>Buprenorphine</b> | ||
[https://rapm.bmj.com/content/46/10/860 Buprenorphine Recommendations Enlist Anesthesiologists to Combat Opioid Abuse] | [https://rapm.bmj.com/content/46/10/860 Buprenorphine Recommendations Enlist Anesthesiologists to Combat Opioid Abuse] | ||
| Line 99: | Line 154: | ||
[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40140-024-00612-5 Perioperative Management of Patients on Buprenorphine: A Literature Review] | [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40140-024-00612-5 Perioperative Management of Patients on Buprenorphine: A Literature Review] | ||
Naloxone | |||
<b>Naloxone</b> | |||
[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2180244/ Naloxone hydrochloride: a review] | [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2180244/ Naloxone hydrochloride: a review] | ||
Meperidine | [https://journals.lww.com/anesthesiology/fulltext/2026/05000/intranasal_naloxone_reversal_of_opioid_induced.23.aspx Intranasal Naloxone Reversal of Opioid-induced Respiratory Depression in Opioid-naive Individuals and Self-reported Daily Opioid Users] | ||
<b>Meperidine</b> | |||
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0002937864902923 Effects of meperidine on the newborn infant] | [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0002937864902923 Effects of meperidine on the newborn infant] | ||
| Line 109: | Line 167: | ||
[https://www.openanesthesia.org/keywords/meperidine/ OpenAnesthesia: Meperidine] | [https://www.openanesthesia.org/keywords/meperidine/ OpenAnesthesia: Meperidine] | ||
<b>Remifentanil</b> | |||
Hoshijima H, Takeuchi R, Kuratani N, et al. Incidence of postoperative shivering comparing remifentanil with other opioids: a meta-analysis. J Clin Anesth. 2016 Aug; 32: 300-12. PMID: 26432635 | Hoshijima H, Takeuchi R, Kuratani N, et al. Incidence of postoperative shivering comparing remifentanil with other opioids: a meta-analysis. J Clin Anesth. 2016 Aug; 32: 300-12. PMID: 26432635 | ||
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[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37291507/ The effects of the administration sequence and the type of hypnotics on the development of remifentanil-induced chest wall rigidity: a randomized controlled trial] | [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37291507/ The effects of the administration sequence and the type of hypnotics on the development of remifentanil-induced chest wall rigidity: a randomized controlled trial] | ||
Monitoring | |||
<b>Tolerance</b> | |||
Hayhurst CJ, Durieux ME. Differential opioid tolerance and opioid-induced hyperalgesia: a clinical reality. Anesthesiology. 2016 Feb; 124(2): 483-488. PMID: 26594912 | |||
Dumas EO, Pollack GM. Opioid tolerance development: a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic perspective. AAPS J. 2008 Dec; 10(4): 537-551. PMID: 18989788 | |||
<b>Monitoring</b> | |||
[https://www.apsf.org/article/opioid-induced-respiratory-depression-pediatric-considerations/ Opioid-Induced Respiratory Depression—Pediatric Considerations] | [https://www.apsf.org/article/opioid-induced-respiratory-depression-pediatric-considerations/ Opioid-Induced Respiratory Depression—Pediatric Considerations] | ||
The | [https://www.apsf.org/article/no-patient-shall-be-harmed-by-opioid-induced-respiratory-depression/ No patient shall be harmed by opioid-induced respiratory depression] | ||
<b>Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome/Management</b> | |||
[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40819838/ Recognition and Management of Iatrogenically Induced Opioid Dependence and Withdrawal in Children: Clinical Report] | |||
[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24379233/ Recognition and management of iatrogenically induced opioid dependence and withdrawal in children] | |||
[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35119438/ 2022 Society of Critical Care Medicine Clinical Practice Guidelines on Prevention and Management of Pain, Agitation, Neuromuscular Blockade, and Delirium in Critically Ill Pediatric Patients With Consideration of the ICU Environment and Early Mobility] | |||
[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29727363/ Benzodiazepines and Development of Delirium in Critically Ill Children: Estimating the Causal Effect] | |||
[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31568239/ Delirium in a Tertiary PICU: Risk Factors and Outcomes] | |||
Ista E, van Dijk M, Gamel C, Tibboel D, de Hoog M: Withdrawal symptoms in critically ill children after long-term administration of sedatives and/or analgesics: a first evaluation. Critical care medicine 2008, 36(8):2427–2432. | |||
Ista E, de Hoog M, Tibboel D, Duivenvoorden HJ, van Dijk M: Psychometric Evaluation of the Sophia Observation Withdrawal Symptoms Scale in Critically Ill Children. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 2013, 14(8):761–769. | |||
Franck LS, Harris SK, Soetenga DJ, Amling JK, Curley MA: The Withdrawal Assessment Tool-1 (WAT-1): an assessment instrument for monitoring opioid and benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms in pediatric patients. PediatrCrit Care Med 2008, 9(6):573–580. | |||
[https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2844119?guestAccessKey=f5f17b10-c068-4b8c-98d5-f22cbab183af&utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=social_jama&utm_term=19382803037&utm_campaign=article_alert&linkId=901143310 Management of Opioid Use Disorder] | |||
<b>The “Opioid Crisis”</b> | |||
Larach DB, Hah JM, Brummett CM. Perioperative opioids, the opioid crisis, and the anesthesiologist. Anesthesiology. 2022 Apr; 136(4): 594-608. PMID: 35108351 | Larach DB, Hah JM, Brummett CM. Perioperative opioids, the opioid crisis, and the anesthesiologist. Anesthesiology. 2022 Apr; 136(4): 594-608. PMID: 35108351 | ||
[32058348 Rational perioperative opioid management in the era of the opioid crisis] | |||
Scholzen E, Zeng AM, Schroeder KM. Perioperative management and analgesia for patients taking buprenorphine and other forms of medication-assisted treatment for substance abuse disorders. Adv Anesth. 2019 Dec; 37: 65-86. PMID: 31677660 | Scholzen E, Zeng AM, Schroeder KM. Perioperative management and analgesia for patients taking buprenorphine and other forms of medication-assisted treatment for substance abuse disorders. Adv Anesth. 2019 Dec; 37: 65-86. PMID: 31677660 | ||
[https://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article/136/4/594/118341/Perioperative-Opioids-the-Opioid-Crisis-and-the Perioperative Opioids, the Opioid Crisis, and the Anesthesiologist] | |||
[https://associationofanaesthetists-publications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/anae.16661 An obituary for postoperative use of modified-release opioids] | |||
[https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/nchs_press_releases/2025/20250514.htm CDC - National Center for Health Statistics: U.S. Overdose Deaths Decrease Almost 27% in 2024] | |||
[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39159290/ Association of Opioid Disposal Practices with Parental Education and a Home Opioid Disposal Kit Following Pediatric Ambulatory Surgery] | |||
Latest revision as of 21:26, 14 April 2026
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Relevant Article Depot:
General
Opioids and Public Health: The Prescription Opioid Ecosystem and Need for Improved Management
Bringing Back the Balance: Opioid Reduction in Anesthesia
Naloxone Dosing After Opioid Overdose in the Era of Illicitly Manufactured Fentanyl
Intrathecal opioids for the management of post-operative pain
Bolus Dose Administration of Fentanyl in Obese Children: Do Settle for Less
Prolonged opioid use after surgery in children, adolescents, and young adults: a systematic review
Allergy
Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation of Opioid Allergy Labels - A Review
Opioid Hypersensitivity: Predictors of Allergy and Role of Drug Provocation Testing
Morphine
Morphine pharmacokinetics in early infancy
Methadone
The pharmacokinetics of methadone and its metabolites in neonates, infants, and children
Demystifying Perioperative Methadone Administration in Children
Intraoperative methadone: Rediscovery, reappraisal, and reinvigoration?
Perioperative pharmacokinetics of methadone in adolescents
Pro-Con Debate: Role of Methadone in Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Protocols—Superior Analgesic or Harmful Drug? Editorial
Podcast: Episode 262: Perioperative Methadone with Evan Kharash
We Need to Talk About Methadone: Adding Discussions With Patients to Our Care Pathways
Murphy GS, Szokol JW. Intraoperative methadone in surgical patients: a review of clinical investigations. Anesthesiology. 2019 Sep; 131(3): 678-692. PMID: 31094758
Sharma A, Tallchief D, Blood J, Kim T, London A, Kharasch ED. Perioperative pharmacokinetics of methadone in adolescents. Anesthesiology. 2011 Dec; 115(6): 1153-1161. PMID: 22037641
Hydromorphone
Morphine or hydromorphone: which should be preferred? A systematic review
Fentanyl
The Dose Response of Fentanyl in Neonatal Anesthesia
The anomalous pharmacology of fentanyl
Effects of fentanyl on peripheral and cerebral hemodynamics in neonatal lambs
Analgesia and anesthesia in neonates
The anomalous pharmacology of fentanyl
Fentanyl Drives Startling Increases in Adolescent Overdose Deaths
Pharmacokinetics of Fentanyl and Its Derivatives in Children: A Comprehensive Review
Population Pharmacokinetics of Single Bolus Dose Fentanyl in Obese Children
Population Pharmacokinetics of Single Bolus Dose Fentanyl in Obese Children
Of historical importance…
Stanley TH, Webster LR: Anesthetic requirements and cardiovascular effects of fentanyl- oxygen and fentanyl-diazepam-oxygen anesthesia in man. AnesthAnalg 1978, 57(4):411–416.
Robinson S, Gregory GA: Fentanyl-air-oxygen anesthesia for ligation of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants. AnesthAnalg 1981, 60(5):331–334.
Yaster M: The dose response of fentanyl in neonatal anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1987, 66(3):433–435.
Anand KJ, Sippell WG, Aynsley-Green A: Randomised trial of fentanyl anaesthesia in preterm babies undergoing surgery: effects on the stress response. Lancet (London, England) 1987, 1(8524):62–66.
Anand KJ, Hickey PR: Halothane-morphine compared with high-dose sufentanil for anesthesia and postoperative analgesia in neonatal cardiac surgery [see comments]. NEnglJMed 1992, 326(1):1–9.
ED, Clark JD, Adams JM: Opioids and Public Health: The Prescription Opioid Ecosystem and Need for Improved Management. Anesthesiology 2022, 136(1):10–30.
Stanley TH, Egan TD, Van Aken H: A tribute to Dr. Paul A. J. Janssen: entrepreneur extraordinaire, innovative scientist, and significant contributor to anesthesiology. Anesthesia and analgesia 2008, 106(2):451–462, table of contents.
Buprenorphine
Buprenorphine Recommendations Enlist Anesthesiologists to Combat Opioid Abuse
Perioperative Management of Patients on Buprenorphine: A Literature Review
Naloxone
Naloxone hydrochloride: a review
Meperidine
Effects of meperidine on the newborn infant
Remifentanil
Hoshijima H, Takeuchi R, Kuratani N, et al. Incidence of postoperative shivering comparing remifentanil with other opioids: a meta-analysis. J Clin Anesth. 2016 Aug; 32: 300-12. PMID: 26432635
Nakasuji M, Nakamura M, Imanaka N, Tanaka M, Nomura M, Suh SH. Intraoperative high-dose remifentanil increases post-anaesthetic shivering. Br J Anaesth. 2010 Aug; 105(2): 162-7. PMID: 20542888
Komatsu R, Turan AM, Orhan-Sungur M, McGuire J, Radke OC, Apfel CC. Remifentanil for general anaesthesia: a systematic review. Anaesthesia. 2007 Dec; 62(12): 1266-80. PMID: 17991265
Tolerance
Hayhurst CJ, Durieux ME. Differential opioid tolerance and opioid-induced hyperalgesia: a clinical reality. Anesthesiology. 2016 Feb; 124(2): 483-488. PMID: 26594912
Dumas EO, Pollack GM. Opioid tolerance development: a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic perspective. AAPS J. 2008 Dec; 10(4): 537-551. PMID: 18989788
Monitoring
Opioid-Induced Respiratory Depression—Pediatric Considerations
No patient shall be harmed by opioid-induced respiratory depression
Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome/Management
Recognition and management of iatrogenically induced opioid dependence and withdrawal in children
Benzodiazepines and Development of Delirium in Critically Ill Children: Estimating the Causal Effect
Delirium in a Tertiary PICU: Risk Factors and Outcomes
Ista E, van Dijk M, Gamel C, Tibboel D, de Hoog M: Withdrawal symptoms in critically ill children after long-term administration of sedatives and/or analgesics: a first evaluation. Critical care medicine 2008, 36(8):2427–2432.
Ista E, de Hoog M, Tibboel D, Duivenvoorden HJ, van Dijk M: Psychometric Evaluation of the Sophia Observation Withdrawal Symptoms Scale in Critically Ill Children. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine 2013, 14(8):761–769.
Franck LS, Harris SK, Soetenga DJ, Amling JK, Curley MA: The Withdrawal Assessment Tool-1 (WAT-1): an assessment instrument for monitoring opioid and benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms in pediatric patients. PediatrCrit Care Med 2008, 9(6):573–580.
Management of Opioid Use Disorder
The “Opioid Crisis”
Larach DB, Hah JM, Brummett CM. Perioperative opioids, the opioid crisis, and the anesthesiologist. Anesthesiology. 2022 Apr; 136(4): 594-608. PMID: 35108351
[32058348 Rational perioperative opioid management in the era of the opioid crisis]
Scholzen E, Zeng AM, Schroeder KM. Perioperative management and analgesia for patients taking buprenorphine and other forms of medication-assisted treatment for substance abuse disorders. Adv Anesth. 2019 Dec; 37: 65-86. PMID: 31677660
Perioperative Opioids, the Opioid Crisis, and the Anesthesiologist
An obituary for postoperative use of modified-release opioids
CDC - National Center for Health Statistics: U.S. Overdose Deaths Decrease Almost 27% in 2024