Advanced Airway Techniques: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 14:03, 16 March 2026

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Relevant Article Depot:

Guidelines/General Approaches

2022 American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines for Management of the Difficult Airway

The pediatric airway: Historical concepts, new findings, and what matters.

BJA: Difficult airway management: children are different from adults, and neonates are different from children!

Pediatric Anesthesia: Special Issue:Pediatric Airway Special Issue

The Congenital Difficult Airway in Pediatrics

NEJM: Management of the Difficult Airway

The Laryngeal Mask Airway and Its Use in Neonatal Resuscitation: A Critical Review of Where We Are in 2017/2018

Emergency Response

Pedi Crisis 2.0 - application

Videolaryngoscopy

Video laryngoscopy 2.0

Comparison of tracheal intubation conditions between the operating room and intensive care unit: impact of universal videolaryngoscopy

Video versus Direct Laryngoscopy for Urgent Intubation of Newborn Infants

Prospective development and validation of a universal classification for paediatric videolaryngoscopic tracheal intubation: the PeDiAC score

Availability and Practice Patterns of Videolaryngoscopy and Adaptation of Apneic Oxygenation in Pediatric Anesthesia: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Pediatric Anesthesiologists

Universal videolaryngoscopy: between current evidence and ethical imperatives

Assessing the incidence of `can see, cannot intubate easily´during routine use of C-MAC videolaryngoscopy

Fiberoptic Laryngoscopy

Fiberoptic Intubation Air-Q SGA with Continuous Ventilation by Jim DuCanto

Difficult Airway Management in Neonates: Fiberoptic Intubation via Laryngeal Mask Airway

Airway regional anesthesia for awake fiberoptic intubation

Light Wand

‘Light wand’ intubation

A simple homemade lighted stylet for neonates and infants: a description and case report of its use in an infant with the Pierre Robin anomalad

Bougie/Stylet

Intubation of infants with Pierre Robin syndrome: the use of the paraglossal approach combined with a gum-elastic bougie in six consecutive cases

The Eschmann Tracheal Tube Introducer Is Not Gum, Elastic, or a Bougie

Cricothyrotomy/FONA

Emergency surgical cricothyroidotomy: 24 successful cases leading to a simple 'scalpel-finger-tube' method

Emergency front-of-neck access in infants: A pragmatic crossover randomized control trial comparing two approaches on a simulated rabbit model

An exploration of the cognitive and affective processes for anaesthetists when performing an emergency front of neck airway

Emergency front-of-neck access in pediatric anesthesia: A narrative review

The trachea heals but the hypoxia does not' an emergency front-of-neck access in a 4-year-old with foreign body airway obstruction. European journal of anaesthesiology 2025, 42(10):945–947.

Emergency front-of-neck access: Lessons from a real-world CICO case. European journal of anaesthesiology 2025, 42(10):863–865.

Emergency front of neck access in airway management. BJA Educ 2019, 19(8):246–253.

Haag AK, Tredese A, Bordini M, et al. Emergency front-of-neck access in pediatric anesthesia: A narrative review. Paediatr Anaesth 2024;34(6):495–506. (In eng). DOI: 10.1111/pan.14875.

Morais D, Cordeiro A, Rego S. Frova Introducer in Anesthesiology: Friend or Foe? Cureus 2025;17(8):e90723. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.90723.

Eckmann DM, Seligman I, Coté CJ, Hussong JW. Mucormycosis supraglottitis on induction of anesthesia in an immunocompromised host. Anesth Analg 1998;86(4):729–30. (In eng). DOI: 10.1097/00000539-199804000-00010.

Coté CJ, Eavey RD, Todres ID, Jones DE. Crocothyroid membrane puncture: oxygenation and ventilation in a dog model using an intravenous catheter. Crit Care Med 1988;16:615–619.

Lyons C, Callaghan M. Uses and mechanisms of apnoeic oxygenation: a narrative review. Anaesthesia 2019;74(4):497–507. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.14565.

Slutsky AS, Brown R. Cardiogenic oscillations: a potential mechanism enhancing oxygenation during apneic respiration. Med Hypotheses 1982;8(4):393–400. (In eng). DOI: 10.1016/0306-9877(82)90032-9.

Goldstein B, Shannon DC, Todres ID. Supercarbia in children: clinical course and outcome. Crit Care Med 1990;18(2):166–8. DOI: 10.1097/00003246-199002000-00008.

Coté CJ, Hartnick CJ. Pediatric transtracheal and cricothyrotomy airway devices for emergency use: which are appropriate for infants and children? Paediatr Anaesth 2009;19 Suppl 1:66–76. DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2009.02996.x.

A protocol for an emergency front-of-neck airway registry in the United Kingdom

Rediscovering Retrograde Intubation: A Classic but Indispensable Technique in the Era of Video Laryngoscopy

Complications

Dramatic Cervical Spine Injury Secondary to Videolaryngoscopy in a Patient Suffering from Ankylosing Spondylitis

Non-OR Airway Management

Management of High Risk Intubations in the PICU | picudoconcall.org

The Pediatric Bougie for the First Tracheal Intubation Attempt in Critically Ill Children

Communication

The role of WhatsApp™ in pediatric difficult airway management: A study from the PeDI Collaborative

Specific Situations

Paediatric adenotonsillectomy (considerations for anaesthesia), part 1 part 2

AnesNews: 10 Common Pediatric Airway Problems—And Their Solutions

Difficult tracheal intubation in neonates and infants. (NECTARINE)

A new modification for safer submental orotracheal intubation

Submental intubation in pediatric maxillofacial surgery: report of 2 cases

Lignocaine topicalization of the pediatric airway

Airway management in neonates and infants

Airway management in patients with suspected or confirmed cervical spine injury

Awake Supraglottic Airway Placement in Pediatric Patients for Airway Obstruction or Difficult Intubation: Insights From an International Airway Registry (PeDI)

A modified adjustable oral RAE microcuff® endotracheal tube

Accidental bronchial intubation with RAE tubes

Apneic Oxygenation

Apnoeic oxygenation during paediatric tracheal intubation: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Airway management in neonates and infants: European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care and British Journal of Anaesthesia joint guidelines

2022 American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines for Management of the Difficult Airway

Apneic oxygenation reduces hypoxemia during endotracheal intubation in the pediatric emergency department

Effect of apneic oxygenation with intubation to reduce severe desaturation and adverse tracheal intubation-associated events in critically ill children

Safe oxygen saturation targeting and monitoring in preterm infants: can we avoid hypoxia and hyperoxia? Acta

Rehman MA, Schreiner MS. Oral and nasotracheal light wand guided intubation after failed fibreoptic bronchoscopy. Paediatric anaesthesia 1997;7(4):349-51. (In eng). DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9592.1997.d01-85.x.

Difficult laryngoscopy made easy with a "BURP"

Universal paediatric videolaryngoscopy and glottic view grading: a prospective observational study

Teaching and training advanced airway management

Optimal McGRATH® MAC videolaryngoscope blade size for small children

Universal paediatric videolaryngoscopy and glottic view grading: a prospective observational study

WFSA Tutorial: Use of Supraglottic Airways (SGAs) as Rescue Devices, Conduits for Tracheal Intubation (TI), and Other Special Cases

Incidence of cognitive errors in difficult airway management: an inference human factors study from the Pediatric Difficult Intubation Registry

Consensus recommendations for paediatric airway topicalisation using lidocaine

Incidence of cognitive errors in difficult airway management: an inference human factors study from the Pediatric Difficult Intubation Registry

Cognitive errors in paediatric difficult airway management: a step into the unknown

Ethical decision making in airway management: a Difficult Airway Society position statement on good practice

Implementation of default videolaryngoscopy instead of direct laryngoscopy for tracheal intubation: a narrative review of evidence and experiences

Bai W., P. Koppera, Y. Yuan, G. Mentz, B.Pearce, M. Therrian, P. Reynolds, S. E. S. Brown. Availability and Practice Patterns of Videolaryngoscopy and Adaptation of Apneic Oxygenation in Pediatric Anesthesia: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Pediatric Anesthesiologists. Paediatr Anaesth. 2025A; 35(6):460–468. DOI: 10.1111/pan.15079. Epub 2025 Feb 5.PMID: 39907265; PMCID: PMC12060081.

High-Flow Nasal Oxygenation in Infants Undergoing Tracheal Intubation: A Single-center Randomized Controlled Trial

Nasal high-flow oxygen delivery in children with abnormal airways

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Stub Notice}}
-This is a Stub Notice. This page has not been completed. You can work on this page by signing in and going to the <b>Edit</b> tab. Thanks for helping to make PedsAnesthesia.Net Wiki useful.
+== Guidelines/General Approaches ==
+[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34762729/ 2022 American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines for Management of the Difficult Airway]
-Go to the [[Main Page]] to see the Topic Outline.
+[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30861424 The pediatric airway: Historical concepts, new findings, and what matters.]
-Go to the [[Generalized Suggested Outline]] for information on case-specific details for each page.
+[https://bjanaesthesia.org/article/S0007-0912(21)00176-8/fulltext BJA: Difficult airway management: children are different from adults, and neonates are different from children!]
-Go to the [[Test Page]] for examples on how to use references in the page.
+[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/14609592/2020/30/3 Pediatric Anesthesia: Special Issue:Pediatric Airway Special Issue]
+[https://www.anesthesiologynews.com/download/Congenital_ANSE0720_WM.pdf The Congenital Difficult Airway in Pediatrics]
+[https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra1916801/ NEJM: Management of the Difficult Airway]
+[https://www.karger.com/Article/Fulltext/481979 The Laryngeal Mask Airway and Its Use in Neonatal Resuscitation: A Critical Review of Where We Are in 2017/2018]
+== Emergency Response ==
 [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/pedi-crisis-2-0/id1409734476 Pedi Crisis 2.0 - application]
-[https://picudoconcall.org/?captivate_podcast=11  Management of High Risk Intubations in the PICU | picudoconcall.org]
+== Videolaryngoscopy ==
+[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12630-021-02162-4 Video laryngoscopy 2.0]
+[https://www.bjanaesthesia.org/article/S0007-0912(24)00065-5/abstract Comparison of tracheal intubation conditions between the operating room and intensive care unit: impact of universal videolaryngoscopy]
+[https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2402785 Video versus Direct Laryngoscopy for Urgent Intubation of Newborn Infants]
+[https://associationofanaesthetists-publications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/anae.16394 Prospective development and validation of a universal classification for paediatric videolaryngoscopic tracheal intubation: the PeDiAC score]
+[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39907265/ Availability and Practice Patterns of Videolaryngoscopy and Adaptation of Apneic Oxygenation in Pediatric Anesthesia: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Pediatric Anesthesiologists]
+[https://journals.lww.com/ejanaesthesiology/fulltext/2026/03000/universal_videolaryngoscopy__between_current.16.aspx Universal videolaryngoscopy: between current evidence and ethical imperatives]
+[https://associationofanaesthetists-publications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/anae.16704 Assessing the incidence of `can see, cannot intubate easily´during routine use of C-MAC videolaryngoscopy]
+== Fiberoptic Laryngoscopy ==
+[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oO2aSOYMKDg Fiberoptic Intubation Air-Q SGA with Continuous Ventilation by Jim DuCanto]
+[https://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article/doi/10.1097/ALN.0000000000004431/137372/Difficult-Airway-Management-in-Neonates-Fiberoptic Difficult Airway Management in Neonates: Fiberoptic Intubation via Laryngeal Mask Airway]
+[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11915066/ Airway regional anesthesia for awake fiberoptic intubation]
+== Light Wand ==
+[https://associationofanaesthetists-publications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1979.tb06379.x ‘Light wand’ intubation]
+[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28470901/ A simple homemade lighted stylet for neonates and infants: a description and case report of its use in an infant with the Pierre Robin anomalad]
+== Bougie/Stylet ==
+[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18211445/ Intubation of infants with Pierre Robin syndrome: the use of the paraglossal approach combined with a gum-elastic bougie in six consecutive cases]
+[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15505469/ The Eschmann Tracheal Tube Introducer Is Not Gum, Elastic, or a Bougie]
+== Cricothyrotomy/FONA ==
+[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22313556/ Emergency surgical cricothyroidotomy: 24 successful cases leading to a simple 'scalpel-finger-tube' method]
+[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pan.14796 Emergency front-of-neck access in infants: A pragmatic crossover randomized control trial comparing two approaches on a simulated rabbit model]
+[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39381516 An exploration of the cognitive and affective processes for anaesthetists when performing an emergency front of neck airway]
+[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/pan.14875 Emergency front-of-neck access in pediatric anesthesia: A narrative review]
+The trachea heals but the hypoxia does not' an emergency front-of-neck access in a 4-year-old with foreign body airway obstruction. European journal of anaesthesiology 2025, 42(10):945–947.
+Emergency front-of-neck access: Lessons from a real-world CICO case. European journal of anaesthesiology 2025, 42(10):863–865.
+Emergency front of neck access in airway management. BJA Educ 2019, 19(8):246–253.
+Haag AK, Tredese A, Bordini M, et al. Emergency front-of-neck access in pediatric anesthesia: A narrative review. Paediatr Anaesth 2024;34(6):495–506. (In eng). DOI: 10.1111/pan.14875.
+Morais D, Cordeiro A, Rego S. Frova Introducer in Anesthesiology: Friend or Foe? Cureus 2025;17(8):e90723. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.90723.
+Eckmann DM, Seligman I, Coté CJ, Hussong JW. Mucormycosis supraglottitis on induction of anesthesia in an immunocompromised host. Anesth Analg 1998;86(4):729–30. (In eng). DOI: 10.1097/00000539-199804000-00010.
+Coté CJ, Eavey RD, Todres ID, Jones DE. Crocothyroid membrane puncture: oxygenation and ventilation in a dog model using an intravenous catheter. Crit Care Med 1988;16:615–619.
+Lyons C, Callaghan M. Uses and mechanisms of apnoeic oxygenation: a narrative review. Anaesthesia 2019;74(4):497–507. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.14565.
+Slutsky AS, Brown R. Cardiogenic oscillations: a potential mechanism enhancing oxygenation during apneic respiration. Med Hypotheses 1982;8(4):393–400. (In eng). DOI: 10.1016/0306-9877(82)90032-9.
+Goldstein B, Shannon DC, Todres ID. Supercarbia in children: clinical course and outcome. Crit Care Med 1990;18(2):166–8. DOI: 10.1097/00003246-199002000-00008.
-[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pan.14760 The role of WhatsApp™ in pediatric difficult airway management: A study from the PeDI Collaborative]
+Coté CJ, Hartnick CJ. Pediatric transtracheal and cricothyrotomy airway devices for emergency use: which are appropriate for infants and children? Paediatr Anaesth 2009;19 Suppl 1:66–76. DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9592.2009.02996.x.
-[https://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article/doi/10.1097/ALN.0000000000004002/117915/2022-American-Society-of-Anesthesiologists 2022 American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines for Management of the Difficult Airway]
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2772609625001509 A protocol for an emergency front-of-neck airway registry in the United Kingdom]
-[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30861424 The pediatric airway: Historical concepts, new findings, and what matters.]
+[https://journals.lww.com/anesthesiology/citation/2026/04000/rediscovering_retrograde_intubation__a_classic_but.29.aspx Rediscovering Retrograde Intubation: A Classic but Indispensable Technique in the Era of Video Laryngoscopy]
-[https://bjanaesthesia.org/article/S0007-0912(21)00176-8/fulltext BJA: Difficult airway management: children are different from adults, and neonates are different from children!]
+== Complications ==
+[https://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article/135/3/495/116017/Dramatic-Cervical-Spine-Injury-Secondary-to Dramatic Cervical Spine Injury Secondary to Videolaryngoscopy in a Patient Suffering from Ankylosing Spondylitis]
-[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/14609592/2020/30/3  Pediatric Anesthesia: Special Issue:Pediatric Airway Special Issue]
+== Non-OR Airway Management ==
+[https://picudoconcall.org/?captivate_podcast=11 Management of High Risk Intubations in the PICU | picudoconcall.org]
-[https://www.anesthesiologynews.com/download/Congenital_ANSE0720_WM.pdf  The Congenital Difficult Airway in Pediatrics]
+[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36841658/ The Pediatric Bougie for the First Tracheal Intubation Attempt in Critically Ill Children]
-[https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra1916801/  NEJM: Management of the Difficult Airway]
+== Communication ==
+[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pan.14760 The role of WhatsApp™ in pediatric difficult airway management: A study from the PeDI Collaborative]
-[https://bjaed.org/article/S2058-5349(20)30032-9/pdf  Paediatric adenotonsillectomy (considerations for anaesthesia), part 1 ]
+== Specific Situations ==
+[https://bjaed.org/article/S2058-5349(20)30032-9/pdf Paediatric adenotonsillectomy (considerations for anaesthesia), part 1]
 [https://bjaed.org/article/S2058-5349(20)30033-0/pdf part 2]
@@ Line 35: / Line 105: @@
 [https://bjanaesthesia.org/article/S0007-0912(21)00116-1/fulltext  Difficult tracheal intubation in neonates and infants. (NECTARINE)]
-[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12630-021-02162-4 Video laryngoscopy 2.0]
-[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oO2aSOYMKDg Fiberoptic Intubation Air-Q SGA with Continuous Ventilation by Jim DuCanto]
+[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21789701/ A new modification for safer submental orotracheal intubation]
+[http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0120-33472020000200091 Submental intubation in pediatric maxillofacial surgery: report of 2 cases]
+[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26919822/ Lignocaine topicalization of the pediatric airway]
+[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10720842/ Airway management in neonates and infants]
+[https://associationofanaesthetists-publications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/anae.16290 Airway management in patients with suspected or confirmed cervical spine injury]
+[https://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/abstract/2025/02000/awake_supraglottic_airway_placement_in_pediatric.13.aspx Awake Supraglottic Airway Placement in Pediatric Patients for Airway Obstruction or Difficult Intubation: Insights From an International Airway Registry (PeDI)]
+[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pan.14322 A modified adjustable oral RAE microcuff® endotracheal tube]
+[https://associationofanaesthetists-publications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1991.tb09315.x?sid=nlm%3Apubmed Accidental bronchial intubation with RAE tubes]
+<b>Apneic Oxygenation</b>
+[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38030551/ Apnoeic oxygenation during paediatric tracheal intubation: a systematic review and meta-analysis]
+[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38065762/ Airway management in neonates and infants: European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care and British Journal of Anaesthesia joint guidelines]
+[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34762729/ 2022 American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines for Management of the Difficult Airway]
+[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29699900/ Apneic oxygenation reduces hypoxemia during endotracheal intubation in the pediatric emergency department]
+[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36650568/ Effect of apneic oxygenation with intubation to reduce severe desaturation and adverse tracheal intubation-associated events in critically ill children]
+[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24838096/ Safe oxygen saturation targeting and monitoring in preterm infants: can we avoid hypoxia and hyperoxia? Acta]
+Rehman MA, Schreiner MS. Oral and nasotracheal light wand guided intubation after failed fibreoptic bronchoscopy. Paediatric anaesthesia 1997;7(4):349-51. (In eng). DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9592.1997.d01-85.x.
+[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8467551/ Difficult laryngoscopy made easy with a "BURP"]
+[https://associationofanaesthetists-publications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/anae.16366 Universal paediatric videolaryngoscopy and glottic view grading: a prospective observational study]
-[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22313556/ Emergency surgical cricothyroidotomy: 24 successful cases leading to a simple 'scalpel-finger-tube' method]
+[https://www.bjaed.org/article/S2058-5349(24)00092-1/abstract Teaching and training advanced airway management]
-[https://www.karger.com/Article/Fulltext/481979 The Laryngeal Mask Airway and Its Use in Neonatal Resuscitation: A Critical Review of Where We Are in 2017/2018]
+[https://www.bjanaesthesia.org/article/S0007-0912(24)00505-1/abstract Optimal McGRATH® MAC videolaryngoscope blade size for small children]
-[https://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article/doi/10.1097/ALN.0000000000004431/137372/Difficult-Airway-Management-in-Neonates-Fiberoptic Difficult Airway Management in Neonates: Fiberoptic Intubation via Laryngeal Mask Airway]
+[https://associationofanaesthetists-publications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/anae.16366 Universal paediatric videolaryngoscopy and glottic view grading: a prospective observational study]
-[http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0120-33472020000200091 Submental intubation in pediatric maxillofacial surgery: report of 2 cases]
+[https://resources.wfsahq.org/atotw/use-of-supraglottic-airways-sgas-as-rescue-devices-conduits-for-tracheal-intubation-ti-and-other-special-cases/ WFSA Tutorial: Use of Supraglottic Airways (SGAs) as Rescue Devices, Conduits for Tracheal Intubation (TI), and Other Special Cases]
-[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26919822/ Lignocaine topicalization of the pediatric airway]
+[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000709122500279X Incidence of cognitive errors in difficult airway management: an inference human factors study from the Pediatric Difficult Intubation Registry]
-[https://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article/135/3/495/116017/Dramatic-Cervical-Spine-Injury-Secondary-to Dramatic Cervical Spine Injury Secondary to Videolaryngoscopy in a Patient Suffering from Ankylosing Spondylitis]
+[https://associationofanaesthetists-publications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/anae.16705 Consensus recommendations for paediatric airway topicalisation using lidocaine]
-[https://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article/138/3/316/137372/Difficult-Airway-Management-in-Neonates-Fiberoptic Difficult Airway Management in Neonates: Fiberoptic Intubation via Laryngeal Mask Airway]
+[https://www.bjanaesthesia.org/article/S0007-0912(25)00279-X/fulltext Incidence of cognitive errors in difficult airway management: an inference human factors study from the Pediatric Difficult Intubation Registry]
-Simmons ST, Schleich AR. Airway regional anesthesia for awake fiberoptic intubation. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2002 Mar-Apr; 27(2): 180-92. PMID: 11915066
+[https://www.bjanaesthesia.org/article/S0007-0912(25)00340-X/fulltext Cognitive errors in paediatric difficult airway management: a step into the unknown]
-https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21789701/
+[https://www.bjaopen.org/article/S2772-6096(25)00040-1/fulltext Ethical decision making in airway management: a Difficult Airway Society position statement on good practice]
-Cook-Sather SD, Schreiner MS: A simple homemade lighted stylet for neonates and infants: a description and case report of its use in an infant with the Pierre Robin anomalad. Paediatr.Anaesth. 1997; 7: 233-235
+[https://associationofanaesthetists-publications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/anae.16731 Implementation of default videolaryngoscopy instead of direct laryngoscopy for tracheal intubation: a narrative review of evidence and experiences]
-Prekker ME, Bjorklund AR, Myers C, Harvey L, Horton GB, Goldstein J, Usher SC, Reardon RF, Robinson A, Strobel AM, Driver BE: The Pediatric Bougie for the First Tracheal Intubation Attempt in Critically Ill Children. Ann Emerg Med 2023; 81: 667-676
+Bai W., P. Koppera, Y. Yuan, G. Mentz, B.Pearce, M. Therrian, P. Reynolds, S. E. S. Brown. Availability and Practice Patterns of Videolaryngoscopy and Adaptation of Apneic Oxygenation in Pediatric Anesthesia: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Pediatric Anesthesiologists. Paediatr Anaesth. 2025A; 35(6):460–468. DOI: 10.1111/pan.15079. Epub 2025 Feb 5.PMID: 39907265; PMCID: PMC12060081.
-F, Bordes M, Cros A-M: Intubation of infants with Pierre Robin syndrome: the use of the paraglossal approach combined with a gum-elastic bougie in six consecutive cases. Anaesthesia 2008; 63: 147-150
+[https://journals.lww.com/anesthesiology/abstract/9900/high_flow_nasal_oxygenation_in_infants_undergoing.883.aspx High-Flow Nasal Oxygenation in Infants Undergoing Tracheal Intubation: A Single-center Randomized Controlled Trial]
-El-Orbany Mohammad I, Salem M R, Joseph Ninos J: The Eschmann Tracheal Tube Introducer Is Not Gum, Elastic, or a Bougie. Anesthesiology 2004; 101: 1240-1240
+[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28393433/ Nasal high-flow oxygen delivery in children with abnormal airways]