Measuring Outcome in Pediatric Anesthesia

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Searching for the Holy Grail: measuring risk in paediatric anaesthesia

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Debunking Developmental Delay: Assessing Associations between Anesthesia in Infancy and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes

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Development and implementation of local pediatric anesthesia performance metrics at a Canadian children’s hospital: a technical report

Long-term outcomes of early exposure to repeated general anaesthesia in children with cystic fibrosis (CF-GAIN): a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled phase 4 trial

Short-term outcomes in infants following general anesthesia with low-dose sevoflurane/dexmedetomidine/remifentanil versus standard dose sevoflurane (The TREX trial)

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Behavioural and neuropsychological outcomes in children exposed in utero to maternal labour epidural analgesia

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Tung A, Dutton RP. Anesthesia Quality Improvement: Current State and Future Opportunities. Anesthesiology 2025; 142(1):217-29. doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000005252. PMID: 39655985.

Kanjia MK, Kurth CD, Hyman D, et al. Perspectives on Anesthesia and Perioperative Patient Safety: Past, Present, and Future. Anesthesiology. 2024;141(5):835-848. doi:10.1097/ALN.0000000000005164. PMID: 39377708.

Bhattacharya K. Takuo Aoyagi - a Tribute to the Brain Behind Pulse Oximetry. Indian J Surg. 2020 Dec;82(6):1332-1333. doi: 10.1007/s12262-020-02365-x. Epub 2020 May 20. PMID: 32837057; PMCID: PMC7237228.

Institute of Medicine Committee on Quality of Healthcare in America: Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century. Washington, D.C., National Academies Press, 2001.

Hollnagel E, Wears RL, Braithwaite J: From Safety-I to Safety-II: A White Paper. Denmark: Resilient Health Care Net. 2015. Available at: https://www.england.nhs.uk/signuptosafety/wp-content/uploads/ sites/16/2015/10/safety-1-safety-2-whte-papr.pdf.

Leveson N. Safety III: A Systems Approach to Safety and Resilience. MIT Engineering Systems Lab. Available at: https//sunnyday.mit.edu/safety-3.pdf.

Lawton R, Taylor N, Clay-Williams R, et al. Positive deviance: a different approach to achieving patient safety. BMJ Qual Saf 2014;23(11):880-3. doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2014-003115. PMID: 25049424.

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Metrics to assess the quality of anesthesia, perioperative care, and acute pain management in Canada: a scoping review

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Sundström FTA, Lavefjord A, Buhrman M, McCracken LM. Are People With Chronic Pain More Diverse Than We Think? An Investigation of Ergodicity. Pain 2025; doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003573

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Leahy IC, Baier AW, Staffa SJ, Romano M, Brustowicz RM: Preterm and Early-Term Neonates: Independent Risk Factors Associated With Mortality After Surgery. Pediatrics Open Science 2025; 1: 1–7

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Systematic review A systematic review summarizes the findings of primary research studies that address a specific research question. It uses explicit and reproducible methods to search, appraise, and synthesize the evidence. Systematic reviews are often used to inform clinical guidelines and policy.

Meta-analysis A meta-analysis is a statistical process that combines the results from multiple studies to estimate the overall effect of a variable or intervention. Meta-analyses are often an outcome of a systematic review.

Scoping review A scoping review is a preliminary assessment of the available research literature on a topic. It aims to identify the nature and extent of the research evidence, including ongoing research. Scoping reviews are less rigorous than systematic reviews and are not usually used to inform policy and practice.

Quality Improvement Strategies

Adopting newer strategies of perioperative quality improvement: The bandwagon moves on…

Scaling up of safety and quality improvement interventions in perioperative care: a systematic scoping review of implementation strategies and effectiveness

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Dakhale GN, Hiware SK, Shinde AT, Mahatme MS. Basic biostatistics for post-graduate students. Indian J Pharmacol. 2012 Jul-Aug; 44(4): 435-42. PMID: 23087501

Wissing DR, Timm D. Statistics for the nonstatistician: Part I. South Med J. 2012 Mar; 105(3): 126-30. PMID: 22392207

Hou W, Carden D. Statistics for the nonstatistician: Part II. South Med J. 2012 Mar; 105(3): 131-5. PMID: 22392208

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Mascha EJ, Vetter TR. Significance, errors, power, and sample size: The blocking and tackling of statistics. Anesth Analg. 2018 Feb; 126(2): 691-698. PMID: 29346210

Pace NL. Experimental design and statistics. In: Barash PG, Cullen BF, Stoelting RK, et al., eds. Clinical Anesthesia. 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer; 2017: 170.