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== Guidelines/General Approaches ==
[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34762729/ 2022 American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines for Management of the Difficult Airway]


Go to the [[Main Page]] to see the Topic Outline.
[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30861424 The pediatric airway: Historical concepts, new findings, and what matters.]


Go to the [[Generalized Suggested Outline]] for information on case-specific details for each page.
[https://bjanaesthesia.org/article/S0007-0912(21)00176-8/fulltext BJA: Difficult airway management: children are different from adults, and neonates are different from children!]


Go to the [[Test Page]] for examples on how to use references in the page.
[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/14609592/2020/30/3 Pediatric Anesthesia: Special Issue:Pediatric Airway Special Issue]


[https://www.anesthesiologynews.com/download/Congenital_ANSE0720_WM.pdf The Congenital Difficult Airway in Pediatrics]


[https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra1916801/ NEJM: Management of the Difficult Airway]


[https://www.karger.com/Article/Fulltext/481979 The Laryngeal Mask Airway and Its Use in Neonatal Resuscitation: A Critical Review of Where We Are in 2017/2018]


== Emergency Response ==
[https://apps.apple.com/us/app/pedi-crisis-2-0/id1409734476 Pedi Crisis 2.0 - application]
[https://apps.apple.com/us/app/pedi-crisis-2-0/id1409734476 Pedi Crisis 2.0 - application]


[https://picudoconcall.org/?captivate_podcast=11  Management of High Risk Intubations in the PICU | picudoconcall.org]
== Videolaryngoscopy ==
[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12630-021-02162-4 Video laryngoscopy 2.0]


[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pan.14760 The role of WhatsApp™ in pediatric difficult airway management: A study from the PeDI Collaborative]
[https://www.bjanaesthesia.org/article/S0007-0912(24)00065-5/abstract Comparison of tracheal intubation conditions between the operating room and intensive care unit: impact of universal videolaryngoscopy]


[https://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article/doi/10.1097/ALN.0000000000004002/117915/2022-American-Society-of-Anesthesiologists 2022 American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines for Management of the Difficult Airway]
[https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2402785 Video versus Direct Laryngoscopy for Urgent Intubation of Newborn Infants]


[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30861424 The pediatric airway: Historical concepts, new findings, and what matters.]
[https://associationofanaesthetists-publications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/anae.16394 Prospective development and validation of a universal classification for paediatric videolaryngoscopic tracheal intubation: the PeDiAC score]


[https://bjanaesthesia.org/article/S0007-0912(21)00176-8/fulltext BJA: Difficult airway management: children are different from adults, and neonates are different from children!]
== Fiberoptic Laryngoscopy ==
[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oO2aSOYMKDg Fiberoptic Intubation Air-Q SGA with Continuous Ventilation by Jim DuCanto]


[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/14609592/2020/30/3  Pediatric Anesthesia: Special Issue:Pediatric Airway Special Issue]
[https://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article/doi/10.1097/ALN.0000000000004431/137372/Difficult-Airway-Management-in-Neonates-Fiberoptic Difficult Airway Management in Neonates: Fiberoptic Intubation via Laryngeal Mask Airway]


[https://www.anesthesiologynews.com/download/Congenital_ANSE0720_WM.pdf  The Congenital Difficult Airway in Pediatrics]
[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11915066/ Airway regional anesthesia for awake fiberoptic intubation]


[https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra1916801/  NEJM: Management of the Difficult Airway]
== Light Wand ==
[https://associationofanaesthetists-publications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1979.tb06379.x ‘Light wand’ intubation]


[https://bjaed.org/article/S2058-5349(20)30032-9/pdf  Paediatric adenotonsillectomy (considerations for anaesthesia), part 1 ]
[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28470901/ A simple homemade lighted stylet for neonates and infants: a description and case report of its use in an infant with the Pierre Robin anomalad]
[https://bjaed.org/article/S2058-5349(20)30033-0/pdf part 2]


[https://www.anesthesiologynews.com/Review-Articles/Article/08-19/10-Common-Pediatric-Airway-Problems-And-Their-Solutions/55657?sub=D0CBDA824FBCB7AA4A61CCDE9984A8F4D0A8A95B29CEB0A1653EDA6256BD25&amp;enl=true&amp;dgid=&amp;utm_source=enl&amp;utm_content=2&amp;utm_campaign=20200801&amp;utm_medium=button  AnesNews: 10 Common Pediatric Airway Problems—And Their Solutions]
== Bougie/Stylet ==
[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18211445/ Intubation of infants with Pierre Robin syndrome: the use of the paraglossal approach combined with a gum-elastic bougie in six consecutive cases]


[https://bjanaesthesia.org/article/S0007-0912(21)00116-1/fulltext  Difficult tracheal intubation in neonates and infants. (NECTARINE)]
[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15505469/ The Eschmann Tracheal Tube Introducer Is Not Gum, Elastic, or a Bougie]


[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12630-021-02162-4 Video laryngoscopy 2.0]
== Cricothyrotomy/FONA ==
[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22313556/ Emergency surgical cricothyroidotomy: 24 successful cases leading to a simple 'scalpel-finger-tube' method]


[https://www.bjanaesthesia.org/article/S0007-0912(24)00065-5/abstract Comparison of tracheal intubation conditions between the operating room and intensive care unit: impact of universal videolaryngoscopy]
[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pan.14796 Emergency front-of-neck access in infants: A pragmatic crossover randomized control trial comparing two approaches on a simulated rabbit model]


[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oO2aSOYMKDg Fiberoptic Intubation Air-Q SGA with Continuous Ventilation by Jim DuCanto]
[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39381516 An exploration of the cognitive and affective processes for anaesthetists when performing an emergency front of neck airway]


[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22313556/ Emergency surgical cricothyroidotomy: 24 successful cases leading to a simple 'scalpel-finger-tube' method]
[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/pan.14875 Emergency front-of-neck access in pediatric anesthesia: A narrative review]


[https://www.karger.com/Article/Fulltext/481979 The Laryngeal Mask Airway and Its Use in Neonatal Resuscitation: A Critical Review of Where We Are in 2017/2018]
== Complications ==
[https://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article/135/3/495/116017/Dramatic-Cervical-Spine-Injury-Secondary-to Dramatic Cervical Spine Injury Secondary to Videolaryngoscopy in a Patient Suffering from Ankylosing Spondylitis]


[https://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article/doi/10.1097/ALN.0000000000004431/137372/Difficult-Airway-Management-in-Neonates-Fiberoptic Difficult Airway Management in Neonates: Fiberoptic Intubation via Laryngeal Mask Airway]
== Non-OR Airway Management ==
[https://picudoconcall.org/?captivate_podcast=11 Management of High Risk Intubations in the PICU | picudoconcall.org]


[http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0120-33472020000200091 Submental intubation in pediatric maxillofacial surgery: report of 2 cases]
[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36841658/ The Pediatric Bougie for the First Tracheal Intubation Attempt in Critically Ill Children]


[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26919822/ Lignocaine topicalization of the pediatric airway]
== Communication ==
[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pan.14760 The role of WhatsApp™ in pediatric difficult airway management: A study from the PeDI Collaborative]


[https://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article/135/3/495/116017/Dramatic-Cervical-Spine-Injury-Secondary-to Dramatic Cervical Spine Injury Secondary to Videolaryngoscopy in a Patient Suffering from Ankylosing Spondylitis]
== Specific Situations ==
[https://bjaed.org/article/S2058-5349(20)30032-9/pdf Paediatric adenotonsillectomy (considerations for anaesthesia), part 1]
[https://bjaed.org/article/S2058-5349(20)30033-0/pdf part 2]


[https://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article/138/3/316/137372/Difficult-Airway-Management-in-Neonates-Fiberoptic Difficult Airway Management in Neonates: Fiberoptic Intubation via Laryngeal Mask Airway]
[https://www.anesthesiologynews.com/Review-Articles/Article/08-19/10-Common-Pediatric-Airway-Problems-And-Their-Solutions/55657?sub=D0CBDA824FBCB7AA4A61CCDE9984A8F4D0A8A95B29CEB0A1653EDA6256BD25&amp;enl=true&amp;dgid=&amp;utm_source=enl&amp;utm_content=2&amp;utm_campaign=20200801&amp;utm_medium=button  AnesNews: 10 Common Pediatric Airway Problems—And Their Solutions]


Simmons ST, Schleich AR. Airway regional anesthesia for awake fiberoptic intubation. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2002 Mar-Apr; 27(2): 180-92. PMID: 11915066
[https://bjanaesthesia.org/article/S0007-0912(21)00116-1/fulltext  Difficult tracheal intubation in neonates and infants. (NECTARINE)]


https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21789701/


Cook-Sather SD, Schreiner MS: A simple homemade lighted stylet for neonates and infants: a description and case report of its use in an infant with the Pierre Robin anomalad. Paediatr.Anaesth. 1997; 7: 233-235
[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21789701/ A new modification for safer submental orotracheal intubation]


Prekker ME, Bjorklund AR, Myers C, Harvey L, Horton GB, Goldstein J, Usher SC, Reardon RF, Robinson A, Strobel AM, Driver BE: The Pediatric Bougie for the First Tracheal Intubation Attempt in Critically Ill Children. Ann Emerg Med 2023; 81: 667-676
[http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0120-33472020000200091 Submental intubation in pediatric maxillofacial surgery: report of 2 cases]


F, Bordes M, Cros A-M: Intubation of infants with Pierre Robin syndrome: the use of the paraglossal approach combined with a gum-elastic bougie in six consecutive cases. Anaesthesia 2008; 63: 147-150


El-Orbany Mohammad I, Salem M R, Joseph Ninos J: The Eschmann Tracheal Tube Introducer Is Not Gum, Elastic, or a Bougie. Anesthesiology 2004; 101: 1240-1240
[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26919822/ Lignocaine topicalization of the pediatric airway]
 
[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pan.14796 Emergency front-of-neck access in infants: A pragmatic crossover randomized control trial comparing two approaches on a simulated rabbit model]
 
[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39381516 An exploration of the cognitive and affective processes for anaesthetists when performing an emergency front of neck airway]


[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/pan.14875 Emergency front-of-neck access in pediatric anesthesia: A narrative review]


[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10720842/ Airway management in neonates and infants]
[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10720842/ Airway management in neonates and infants]
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[https://associationofanaesthetists-publications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/anae.16290 Airway management in patients with suspected or confirmed cervical spine injury]
[https://associationofanaesthetists-publications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/anae.16290 Airway management in patients with suspected or confirmed cervical spine injury]


[https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2402785 Video versus Direct Laryngoscopy for Urgent Intubation of Newborn Infants]


[https://associationofanaesthetists-publications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/anae.16394 Prospective development and validation of a universal classification for paediatric videolaryngoscopic tracheal intubation: the PeDiAC score]
[https://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/abstract/2025/02000/awake_supraglottic_airway_placement_in_pediatric.13.aspx Awake Supraglottic Airway Placement in Pediatric Patients for Airway Obstruction or Difficult Intubation: Insights From an International Airway Registry (PeDI)]


[https://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/abstract/2025/02000/awake_supraglottic_airway_placement_in_pediatric.13.aspx Awake Supraglottic Airway Placement in Pediatric Patients for Airway Obstruction or Difficult Intubation: Insights From an International Airway Registry (PeDI)]
[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pan.14322 A modified adjustable oral RAE microcuff® endotracheal tube]


[https://associationofanaesthetists-publications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2044.1991.tb09315.x?sid=nlm%3Apubmed Accidental bronchial intubation with RAE tubes]


<b>Apneic Oxygenation</b>
<b>Apneic Oxygenation</b>
Line 110: Line 118:


[https://associationofanaesthetists-publications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/anae.16366 Universal paediatric videolaryngoscopy and glottic view grading: a prospective observational study]
[https://associationofanaesthetists-publications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/anae.16366 Universal paediatric videolaryngoscopy and glottic view grading: a prospective observational study]
[https://resources.wfsahq.org/atotw/use-of-supraglottic-airways-sgas-as-rescue-devices-conduits-for-tracheal-intubation-ti-and-other-special-cases/ WFSA Tutorial: Use of Supraglottic Airways (SGAs) as Rescue Devices, Conduits for Tracheal Intubation (TI), and Other Special Cases]
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000709122500279X Incidence of cognitive errors in difficult airway management: an inference human factors study from the Pediatric Difficult Intubation Registry]
[https://associationofanaesthetists-publications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/anae.16705 Consensus recommendations for paediatric airway topicalisation using lidocaine]
[https://www.bjanaesthesia.org/article/S0007-0912(25)00279-X/fulltext Incidence of cognitive errors in difficult airway management: an inference human factors study from the Pediatric Difficult Intubation Registry]
[https://www.bjanaesthesia.org/article/S0007-0912(25)00340-X/fulltext Cognitive errors in paediatric difficult airway management: a step into the unknown]
[https://www.bjaopen.org/article/S2772-6096(25)00040-1/fulltext Ethical decision making in airway management: a Difficult Airway Society position statement on good practice]
[https://associationofanaesthetists-publications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/anae.16731 Implementation of default videolaryngoscopy instead of direct laryngoscopy for tracheal intubation: a narrative review of evidence and experiences]

Latest revision as of 16:06, 22 November 2025

This is a Stub Notice. This page has not been completed. You can work on this page by signing in and going to the Edit tab. Thanks for helping to make PedsAnesthesia.Net Wiki useful.

Go to the Main Page to see the Topic Outline.

Go to the Generalized Suggested Outline for information on case-specific details for each page.

Go to the Test Page for examples on how to use references in the page.


Relevant Article Depot:


Guidelines/General Approaches

2022 American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines for Management of the Difficult Airway

The pediatric airway: Historical concepts, new findings, and what matters.

BJA: Difficult airway management: children are different from adults, and neonates are different from children!

Pediatric Anesthesia: Special Issue:Pediatric Airway Special Issue

The Congenital Difficult Airway in Pediatrics

NEJM: Management of the Difficult Airway

The Laryngeal Mask Airway and Its Use in Neonatal Resuscitation: A Critical Review of Where We Are in 2017/2018

Emergency Response

Pedi Crisis 2.0 - application

Videolaryngoscopy

Video laryngoscopy 2.0

Comparison of tracheal intubation conditions between the operating room and intensive care unit: impact of universal videolaryngoscopy

Video versus Direct Laryngoscopy for Urgent Intubation of Newborn Infants

Prospective development and validation of a universal classification for paediatric videolaryngoscopic tracheal intubation: the PeDiAC score

Fiberoptic Laryngoscopy

Fiberoptic Intubation Air-Q SGA with Continuous Ventilation by Jim DuCanto

Difficult Airway Management in Neonates: Fiberoptic Intubation via Laryngeal Mask Airway

Airway regional anesthesia for awake fiberoptic intubation

Light Wand

‘Light wand’ intubation

A simple homemade lighted stylet for neonates and infants: a description and case report of its use in an infant with the Pierre Robin anomalad

Bougie/Stylet

Intubation of infants with Pierre Robin syndrome: the use of the paraglossal approach combined with a gum-elastic bougie in six consecutive cases

The Eschmann Tracheal Tube Introducer Is Not Gum, Elastic, or a Bougie

Cricothyrotomy/FONA

Emergency surgical cricothyroidotomy: 24 successful cases leading to a simple 'scalpel-finger-tube' method

Emergency front-of-neck access in infants: A pragmatic crossover randomized control trial comparing two approaches on a simulated rabbit model

An exploration of the cognitive and affective processes for anaesthetists when performing an emergency front of neck airway

Emergency front-of-neck access in pediatric anesthesia: A narrative review

Complications

Dramatic Cervical Spine Injury Secondary to Videolaryngoscopy in a Patient Suffering from Ankylosing Spondylitis

Non-OR Airway Management

Management of High Risk Intubations in the PICU | picudoconcall.org

The Pediatric Bougie for the First Tracheal Intubation Attempt in Critically Ill Children

Communication

The role of WhatsApp™ in pediatric difficult airway management: A study from the PeDI Collaborative

Specific Situations

Paediatric adenotonsillectomy (considerations for anaesthesia), part 1 part 2

AnesNews: 10 Common Pediatric Airway Problems—And Their Solutions

Difficult tracheal intubation in neonates and infants. (NECTARINE)


A new modification for safer submental orotracheal intubation

Submental intubation in pediatric maxillofacial surgery: report of 2 cases


Lignocaine topicalization of the pediatric airway


Airway management in neonates and infants

Airway management in patients with suspected or confirmed cervical spine injury


Awake Supraglottic Airway Placement in Pediatric Patients for Airway Obstruction or Difficult Intubation: Insights From an International Airway Registry (PeDI)

A modified adjustable oral RAE microcuff® endotracheal tube

Accidental bronchial intubation with RAE tubes

Apneic Oxygenation

Apnoeic oxygenation during paediatric tracheal intubation: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Airway management in neonates and infants: European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care and British Journal of Anaesthesia joint guidelines

2022 American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines for Management of the Difficult Airway

Apneic oxygenation reduces hypoxemia during endotracheal intubation in the pediatric emergency department

Effect of apneic oxygenation with intubation to reduce severe desaturation and adverse tracheal intubation-associated events in critically ill children

Safe oxygen saturation targeting and monitoring in preterm infants: can we avoid hypoxia and hyperoxia? Acta

Rehman MA, Schreiner MS. Oral and nasotracheal light wand guided intubation after failed fibreoptic bronchoscopy. Paediatric anaesthesia 1997;7(4):349-51. (In eng). DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9592.1997.d01-85.x.

Difficult laryngoscopy made easy with a "BURP"

Universal paediatric videolaryngoscopy and glottic view grading: a prospective observational study

Teaching and training advanced airway management

Optimal McGRATH® MAC videolaryngoscope blade size for small children

Universal paediatric videolaryngoscopy and glottic view grading: a prospective observational study

WFSA Tutorial: Use of Supraglottic Airways (SGAs) as Rescue Devices, Conduits for Tracheal Intubation (TI), and Other Special Cases

Incidence of cognitive errors in difficult airway management: an inference human factors study from the Pediatric Difficult Intubation Registry

Consensus recommendations for paediatric airway topicalisation using lidocaine

Incidence of cognitive errors in difficult airway management: an inference human factors study from the Pediatric Difficult Intubation Registry

Cognitive errors in paediatric difficult airway management: a step into the unknown

Ethical decision making in airway management: a Difficult Airway Society position statement on good practice

Implementation of default videolaryngoscopy instead of direct laryngoscopy for tracheal intubation: a narrative review of evidence and experiences