Local Anesthetics in Children: Difference between revisions

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Basic pharmacology of local anaesthetics

Local anaesthetic dosage of peripheral nerve blocks in children: analysis of 40 121 blocks from the Pediatric Regional Anesthesia Network database

Baby-Blocks: Local Anesthetic Dosing

Comparative Methods to Predict Redosing of Bupivacaine and Ropivacaine in Truncal Catheters

Supplemental Table S1. Clinically reported bupivacaine redosing

Supplemental Table S2. Clinically reported ropivacaine redosing

Supplemental Table S3. Bupivacaine peripheral/neuraxial pharmacokinetic elimination

Supplemental Table S4. Bupivacaine intravenous pharmacokinetic elimination

Supplemental Table S5. Ropivacaine peripheral/neuraxial pharmacokinetic elimination

Supplemental Table S6. Ropivacaine intravenous pharmacokinetic elimination

Supplemental Figure S1. Elimination half-life without adjuvants

Detection of intravascular injection of regional anaesthetics in children

Comment: Local anaesthetics belong in the caudal/epidural space, not in the veins!

Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein and its potential impact on local anesthetic dose in neonates

Essentials of local anesthetic pharmacology

Lidocaine Infusions for Pain Management in Pediatrics

The European Society of Regional Anaesthesia and Pain Therapy/American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Recommendations on Local Anesthetics and Adjuvants Dosage in Pediatric Regional Anesthesia

Linnarsson C, Bartocci M, Larsson BA, Eksborg S, von Horn H, Olofsson MA. Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein and its potential impact on local anesthetic dose in neonates. Pediatric Anesthesia. 2023;33(7):571-576. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/pan.14672

Lerman J, Strong HA, LeDez KM, Swartz J, Rieder MJ, Burrows FA. Effects of age on the serum concentration of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and the binding of lidocaine in pediatric patients. ClinPharmacolTher. 1989 1989;46(2):219-225. Not in File.

Plasma concentrations of alpha-1-acid glycoprotein in preterm and term newborns: influence of mode of delivery and implications for plasma protein binding of local anaesthetics

Chloroprocaine for epidural anesthesia in infants and children

Fundamentals and innovations in regional anaesthesia for infants and children

Habib AS, Gadsden J, Carvalho B. Liposomal Bupivacaine for Abdominal Fascial Plane Blocks: No Evidence or Lack of Relevant Evidence? Anesthesiology. 2024 May 1;140(5):871-873. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000004933. PMID: 38592357.

Hussain N, Speer J, Abdallah FW. Analgesic Effectiveness of Liposomal Bupivacaine versus Plain Local Anesthetics for Abdominal Fascial Plane Blocks: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Trials. Anesthesiology. 2024 May 1;140(5):906-919. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000004932. PMID: 38592360.

Society for Pediatric Anesthesia Annual Meeting Lecture: Liposomal bupivacaine in children: what do we know?

Free academic discourse and the law: the case of liposomal bupivacaine

Liposomal bupivacaine - Defining efficacy, how effective is effective?

Local anesthetic dosing and toxicity of pediatric truncal catheters: a narrative review of published practice

ATOTW 533: Perioperative Lignocaine

Estimated Maximal Safe Dosages of Tumescent Lidocaine

Crystallization of local anesthetic and adjuvant mixtures: a chemical analysis of the crystal precipitate composition

Safe Local

BabyBlocks: Local Anesthetic Dosing Calculator

Test Your Knowledge:POTENCY of local anesthetics

Test Your Knowledge:treatment guidelines for local anesthetic toxicity

@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 [https://cdn.qr-code-generator.com/account29680660/40757864_1.pdf Local anaesthetic dosage of peripheral nerve blocks in children: analysis of 40 121 blocks from the Pediatric Regional Anesthesia Network database]
 [https://www.baby-blocks.com/technique-detail/local-anesthetic-dosing Baby-Blocks: Local Anesthetic Dosing]
+[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39907706/ Comparative Methods to Predict Redosing of Bupivacaine and Ropivacaine in Truncal Catheters]
+:[https://links.lww.com/ALN/D865 Supplemental Table S1. Clinically reported bupivacaine redosing]
+:[https://links.lww.com/ALN/D866 Supplemental Table S2. Clinically reported ropivacaine redosing]
+:[https://links.lww.com/ALN/D867 Supplemental Table S3. Bupivacaine peripheral/neuraxial pharmacokinetic elimination]
+:[https://links.lww.com/ALN/D868 Supplemental Table S4. Bupivacaine intravenous pharmacokinetic elimination]
+:[https://links.lww.com/ALN/D869 Supplemental Table S5. Ropivacaine peripheral/neuraxial pharmacokinetic elimination]
+:[https://links.lww.com/ALN/D870 Supplemental Table S6. Ropivacaine intravenous pharmacokinetic elimination]
+:[https://links.lww.com/ALN/D871 Supplemental Figure S1. Elimination half-life without adjuvants]
 [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03015441#author-information Detection of intravascular injection of regional anaesthetics in children]
+:[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03015439 Comment: Local anaesthetics belong in the caudal/epidural space, not in the veins!]
-Linnarsson, C, Bartocci, M, Larsson, BA, Eksborg, S, von Horn, H, Olofsson, MA. Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein and its potential impact on local anesthetic dose in neonates. Pediatr Anaesth. 2023; 33: 571- 576. doi:10.1111/pan.14672
+[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37067078/ Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein and its potential impact on local anesthetic dose in neonates]
 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17175824/ Essentials of local anesthetic pharmacology]
@@ Line 23: / Line 33: @@
 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29319604/ The European Society of Regional Anaesthesia and Pain Therapy/American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Recommendations on Local Anesthetics and Adjuvants Dosage in Pediatric Regional Anesthesia]
-Fisher QA, Shaffner DH, Yaster M. Detection of intravascular injection of regional anaesthetics in children [see comments]. CanJAnaesth. 1997 1997;44(6):592-598. Not in File.
 Linnarsson C, Bartocci M, Larsson BA, Eksborg S, von Horn H, Olofsson MA. Alpha-1-acid glycoprotein and its potential impact on local anesthetic dose in neonates. Pediatric Anesthesia. 2023;33(7):571-576. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/pan.14672
@@ Line 30: / Line 38: @@
 Lerman J, Strong HA, LeDez KM, Swartz J, Rieder MJ, Burrows FA. Effects of age on the serum concentration of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and the binding of lidocaine in pediatric patients. ClinPharmacolTher. 1989 1989;46(2):219-225. Not in File.
-Anell-Olofsson M, Ahmadi S, Lönnqvist PA, Eksborg S, von Horn H, Bartocci M. Plasma concentrations of alpha-1-acid glycoprotein in preterm and term newborns: influence of mode of delivery and implications for plasma protein binding of local anaesthetics. British journal of anaesthesia. Aug 2018;121(2):427-431. doi:10.1016/j.bja.2018.01.034
+[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30032881/  Plasma concentrations of alpha-1-acid glycoprotein in preterm and term newborns: influence of mode of delivery and implications for plasma protein binding of local anaesthetics]
+[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28321983/  Chloroprocaine for epidural anesthesia in infants and children]
-Veneziano G, Tobias JD. Chloroprocaine for epidural anesthesia in infants and children. Paediatric anaesthesia. Jun 2017;27(6):581-590. doi:10.1111/pan.13134
+[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33426659/  Fundamentals and innovations in regional anaesthesia for infants and children]
+Habib AS, Gadsden J, Carvalho B. Liposomal Bupivacaine for Abdominal Fascial Plane Blocks: No Evidence or Lack of Relevant Evidence? Anesthesiology. 2024 May 1;140(5):871-873. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000004933. PMID: 38592357.
+Hussain N, Speer J, Abdallah FW. Analgesic Effectiveness of Liposomal Bupivacaine versus Plain Local Anesthetics for Abdominal Fascial Plane Blocks: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Trials. Anesthesiology. 2024 May 1;140(5):906-919. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000004932. PMID: 38592360.
+[https://www2.pedsanesthesia.org/meetings/2024winter/guide/program/files/2024-CA-1712839993-1964.pdf  Society for Pediatric Anesthesia Annual Meeting Lecture: Liposomal bupivacaine in children: what do we know?]
-Heydinger G, Tobias J, Veneziano G. Fundamentals and innovations in regional anaesthesia for infants and children. Anaesthesia. Jan 2021;76 Suppl 1:74-88. doi:10.1111/anae.15283
 [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37076253/ Free academic discourse and the law: the case of liposomal bupivacaine]
@@ Line 42: / Line 57: @@
 [https://rapm.bmj.com/content/49/1/59 Local anesthetic dosing and toxicity of pediatric truncal catheters: a narrative review of published practice]
-<b>Topical use of local anesthetics</b>
+[https://resources.wfsahq.org/atotw/perioperative-lignocaine/ ATOTW 533: Perioperative Lignocaine]
+[https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4830750/ Estimated Maximal Safe Dosages of Tumescent Lidocaine]
-[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36523723/ Efficacy of Emla (Eutectic Mixture of Local Anaesthetics) and Let (Lidocaine, Epinephrine, Tetracaine) for Topical Use in Wound Management for Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis]
+[https://rapm.bmj.com/content/early/2025/09/25/rapm-2025-106981 Crystallization of local anesthetic and adjuvant mixtures: a chemical analysis of the crystal precipitate composition]
-[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14963868/ The use of EMLA cream to decrease venipuncture pain in children]
+[https://apps.apple.com/us/app/safelocal/id1440999841 Safe Local]
+[https://www.baby-blocks.com/technique-detail/calculator BabyBlocks: Local Anesthetic Dosing Calculator]
 [[TYK7 |Test Your Knowledge]]:POTENCY of local anesthetics
 [[TYK4 |Test Your Knowledge]]:treatment guidelines for local anesthetic toxicity