Caudal - Revision history

WikiSysop at 20:37, 18 February 2026

2026-02-18T20:37:24Z

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	[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28332251/ Measuring the depth of the caudal epidural space to prevent dural sac puncture during caudal block in children]		[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28332251/ Measuring the depth of the caudal epidural space to prevent dural sac puncture during caudal block in children]

			[https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/2d4Ct4nmU7A?rel=0&autoplay=0&showinfo=0&enablejsapi=0 RAAPM: Ultrasound Guided Caudal Block]

	[[TYK5 \|Test Your Knowledge]]: newborn spinal cord		[[TYK5 \|Test Your Knowledge]]: newborn spinal cord

WikiSysop at 20:33, 18 February 2026

2026-02-18T20:33:27Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:33, 18 February 2026
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	[https://journals.lww.com/aacr/fulltext/2024/10000/real_time_ultrasonography_for_the_placement_of.7.aspx Real-Time Ultrasonography for the Placement of Caudal Epidurals for Thoracic Surgery in Infants: A Description of the Technique and Case Series]		[https://journals.lww.com/aacr/fulltext/2024/10000/real_time_ultrasonography_for_the_placement_of.7.aspx Real-Time Ultrasonography for the Placement of Caudal Epidurals for Thoracic Surgery in Infants: A Description of the Technique and Case Series]

			[https://www.openanesthesia.org/vodcasts/caudal-epidural-anesthesia-in-pediatric-patients/?search_term=caudal Caudal Epidural Anesthesia in Pediatric Patients OA-SPA Pediatric Anesthesia Virtual Grand Rounds]

	[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1460-9592.2000.00442.x?saml_referrer Tunnelling of caudal epidural catheters in infants]		[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1460-9592.2000.00442.x?saml_referrer Tunnelling of caudal epidural catheters in infants]

WikiSysop at 17:19, 30 October 2025

2025-10-30T17:19:03Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:19, 30 October 2025
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	[[File:Caudal-Kulkarni.jpeg\|467x467px]]		[[File:Caudal-Kulkarni.jpeg\|467x467px]]

	~~== Adjuncts and Additives ==~~
	~~[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1460-9592.1996.d01-3.x The use of additives to local anaesthetic solutions for caudal epidural blockade]~~

	~~[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29479931/ Dexmedetomidine as an adjunct for caudal anesthesia and analgesia in children]~~

	~~[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27755489/ The Use of Epinephrine in Caudal Anesthesia Increases Stroke Volume and Cardiac Output in Children]~~


	== Dosing, Volume, and Drug Comparisons ==		== Dosing, Volume, and Drug Comparisons ==
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	[https://journals.lww.com/sjan/fulltext/2017/11040/ultrasound_assessment_of_cranial_spread_during.13.aspx Ultrasound assessment of cranial spread during caudal blockade in children: Effect of different volumes of local anesthetic]		[https://journals.lww.com/sjan/fulltext/2017/11040/ultrasound_assessment_of_cranial_spread_during.13.aspx Ultrasound assessment of cranial spread during caudal blockade in children: Effect of different volumes of local anesthetic]

			[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12032008/ The minimum local anesthetic concentration of ropivacaine for caudal analgesia in children]

			== Adjuncts and Additives ==
			[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1460-9592.1996.d01-3.x The use of additives to local anaesthetic solutions for caudal epidural blockade]

			[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29479931/ Dexmedetomidine as an adjunct for caudal anesthesia and analgesia in children]

			[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27755489/ The Use of Epinephrine in Caudal Anesthesia Increases Stroke Volume and Cardiac Output in Children]

	== Monitoring and Physiologic Effects ==		== Monitoring and Physiologic Effects ==

WikiSysop at 16:09, 28 October 2025

2025-10-28T16:09:56Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:09, 28 October 2025
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	[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17040315/ Caudal anesthesia in children with shunt devices]		[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17040315/ Caudal anesthesia in children with shunt devices]

	[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2007.02200.x		[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2007.02200.x Caudal block and ventricular shunt devices: beware of the consequences of increasing epidural pressure!]

	[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38498665/ Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome Discovered during Ultrasound-guided Caudal Block]		[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38498665/ Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome Discovered during Ultrasound-guided Caudal Block]

WikiSysop at 16:09, 28 October 2025

2025-10-28T16:09:19Z

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	== Special Populations and Conditions ==		== Special Populations and Conditions ==
	[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17040315/ Caudal anesthesia in children with shunt devices]		[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17040315/ Caudal anesthesia in children with shunt devices]

			[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1460-9592.2007.02200.x

	[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38498665/ Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome Discovered during Ultrasound-guided Caudal Block]		[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38498665/ Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome Discovered during Ultrasound-guided Caudal Block]

WikiSysop at 01:22, 23 October 2025

2025-10-23T01:22:27Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:22, 23 October 2025
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	== Summary ==		== Summary ==
	* (Optional section for synthesis, conclusions, or optinon references)		* (Optional section for synthesis, conclusions, or optinon references)



	== What should an anesthesiologist tell a parent of a child getting a caudal block? ==		== What should an anesthesiologist tell a parent of a child getting a caudal block? ==

WikiSysop at 01:21, 23 October 2025

2025-10-23T01:21:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:21, 23 October 2025
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	* (Optional section for synthesis, conclusions, or optinon references)		* (Optional section for synthesis, conclusions, or optinon references)

	What should an anesthesiologist tell a parent of a child getting a caudal block?		== What should an anesthesiologist tell a parent of a child getting a caudal block? ==

	An anesthesiologist should inform a parent of a child receiving a caudal block about the procedure, potential risks, benefits, and what to expect. They might say:		An anesthesiologist should inform a parent of a child receiving a caudal block about the procedure, potential risks, benefits, and what to expect. They might say:

	1. Explanation of the procedure: Describe that a caudal block is a type of regional anesthesia that involves injecting medication near the lower end of the spine to numb the lower half of the body.		* 1. Explanation of the procedure: Describe that a caudal block is a type of regional anesthesia that involves injecting medication near the lower end of the spine to numb the lower half of the body.
			* 2. Purpose: Explain the purpose of the caudal block, which is often to provide pain relief during and after a surgical procedure in the lower part of the body.
	2. Purpose: Explain the purpose of the caudal block, which is often to provide pain relief during and after a surgical procedure in the lower part of the body.		* 3. Benefits: Discuss the potential benefits, such as reduced pain and discomfort during and after the surgery.
			* 4. Risks: Mention possible risks, including infection, bleeding, nerve damage, and allergic reactions to the medication.
	3. Benefits: Discuss the potential benefits, such as reduced pain and discomfort during and after the surgery.		* 5. Anesthesia process: Describe how the child will receive the anesthesia and what monitoring will be in place to ensure their safety.
			* 6. Pre-operative instructions: Provide any necessary pre-operative instructions, such as fasting guidelines, and answer any questions the parent may have.
	4. Risks: Mention possible risks, including infection, bleeding, nerve damage, and allergic reactions to the medication.		* 7. Recovery: Explain the expected recovery process, including the duration of pain relief and any potential side effects or limitations.
			* 8. Address concerns: Be receptive to any concerns or questions the parent may have, and provide reassurance as needed.
	5. Anesthesia process: Describe how the child will receive the anesthesia and what monitoring will be in place to ensure their safety.		* 9. Consent: Ensure that the parent understands the procedure and its risks and benefits and obtain their informed consent.
			* 10. Follow-up: Discuss the importance of post-operative follow-up and what to do if they have questions or concerns after the procedure.
	6. Pre-operative instructions: Provide any necessary pre-operative instructions, such as fasting guidelines, and answer any questions the parent may have.

	7. Recovery: Explain the expected recovery process, including the duration of pain relief and any potential side effects or limitations.

	8. Address concerns: Be receptive to any concerns or questions the parent may have, and provide reassurance as needed.

	9. Consent: Ensure that the parent understands the procedure and its risks and benefits and obtain their informed consent.

	10. Follow-up: Discuss the importance of post-operative follow-up and what to do if they have questions or concerns after the procedure.

	It's essential for the anesthesiologist to maintain open communication, address parental concerns, and provide information in a clear and compassionate manner.		It's essential for the anesthesiologist to maintain open communication, address parental concerns, and provide information in a clear and compassionate manner.

WikiSysop at 01:18, 23 October 2025

2025-10-23T01:18:08Z

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	== Summary ==		== Summary ==
	* (Optional section for synthesis, conclusions, or optinon references)		* (Optional section for synthesis, conclusions, or optinon references)

			What should an anesthesiologist tell a parent of a child getting a caudal block?

			An anesthesiologist should inform a parent of a child receiving a caudal block about the procedure, potential risks, benefits, and what to expect. They might say:

			1. Explanation of the procedure: Describe that a caudal block is a type of regional anesthesia that involves injecting medication near the lower end of the spine to numb the lower half of the body.

			2. Purpose: Explain the purpose of the caudal block, which is often to provide pain relief during and after a surgical procedure in the lower part of the body.

			3. Benefits: Discuss the potential benefits, such as reduced pain and discomfort during and after the surgery.

			4. Risks: Mention possible risks, including infection, bleeding, nerve damage, and allergic reactions to the medication.

			5. Anesthesia process: Describe how the child will receive the anesthesia and what monitoring will be in place to ensure their safety.

			6. Pre-operative instructions: Provide any necessary pre-operative instructions, such as fasting guidelines, and answer any questions the parent may have.

			7. Recovery: Explain the expected recovery process, including the duration of pain relief and any potential side effects or limitations.

			8. Address concerns: Be receptive to any concerns or questions the parent may have, and provide reassurance as needed.

			9. Consent: Ensure that the parent understands the procedure and its risks and benefits and obtain their informed consent.

			10. Follow-up: Discuss the importance of post-operative follow-up and what to do if they have questions or concerns after the procedure.

			It's essential for the anesthesiologist to maintain open communication, address parental concerns, and provide information in a clear and compassionate manner.

WikiSysop at 00:57, 23 October 2025

2025-10-23T00:57:52Z

Show changes

WikiSysop at 00:25, 23 October 2025

2025-10-23T00:25:26Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:25, 23 October 2025
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	{{Stub Notice}}		{{Stub Notice}}

			= Caudal Epidural Block in Pediatric Anesthesia =

			== Overview and Anatomy ==
			* Caudal Epidural Block: An Updated Review of Anatomy and Techniques
			* Volumes of the spinal canal and caudal space in children zero to three years of age assessed by magnetic resonance imaging: implications for volume dosage of caudal blockade
			* The prevalence of anatomical variations that can cause inadvertent dural puncture when performing caudal block in Koreans: a study using magnetic resonance imaging
			* The level of termination of the dural sac by MRI and its clinical relevance in caudal epidural block in adults
			* Measuring the depth of the caudal epidural space to prevent dural sac puncture during caudal block in children
			* Test Your Knowledge: newborn spinal cord

			== Techniques and Guidance ==
			* Caudal anesthesia in pediatrics: an update
			* Real-Time Ultrasound Improves Accuracy of Caudal Block in Children
			* Comparative evaluation of landmark technique and ultrasound-guided caudal epidural injection in pediatric population: A systematic review and meta-analysis
			* Confirmation of success rate of landmark-based caudal blockade in children using ultrasound: A prospective analysis
			* Ultrasound-guided caudal blockade and sedation for paediatric surgery: a retrospective cohort study
			* Real-Time Ultrasonography for the Placement of Caudal Epidurals for Thoracic Surgery in Infants: A Description of the Technique and Case Series
			* Tunnelling of caudal epidural catheters in infants

			== Adjuncts and Additives ==
			* The use of additives to local anaesthetic solutions for caudal epidural blockade
			* Dexmedetomidine as an adjunct for caudal anesthesia and analgesia in children
			* The Use of Epinephrine in Caudal Anesthesia Increases Stroke Volume and Cardiac Output in Children

			== Dosing, Volume, and Drug Comparisons ==
			* Reconsidering injection volume for caudal epidural block in young pediatric patients: a dynamic flow tracking experimental study
			* A comparison of high volume/low concentration and low volume/high concentration ropivacaine in caudal analgesia for pediatric orchiopexy
			* Comparison of ropivacaine 0.1% and 0.2% with bupivacaine 0.2% for single-shot caudal anaesthesia in children
			* Ultrasound assessment of cranial spread during caudal blockade in children: Effect of different volumes of local anesthetic

			== Monitoring and Physiologic Effects ==
			* The effects of caudal local anesthesia blockade on the Bispectral Index during general anesthesia in children
			* Detection of intravascular injection of regional anaesthetics in children

			== Outcomes and Safety ==
			* Are caudal blocks for pain control safe in children? an analysis of 18,650 caudal blocks from the Pediatric Regional Anesthesia Network (PRAN) database
			* Pediatric Regional Anesthesia Network (PRAN): a multi-institutional study of the use and incidence of complications of pediatric regional anesthesia
			* A Systematic Review of Caudal Anesthesia and Postoperative Outcomes in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Patients

			== Special Populations and Conditions ==
			* Caudal anesthesia in children with shunt devices
			* Tethered Spinal Cord Syndrome Discovered during Ultrasound-guided Caudal Block
			* Ultrasonography reveals a high prevalence of lower spinal dysraphism in children with urogenital anomalies
			* Ultrasound determination of the dural sac to sacrococcygeal membrane distance in premature neonates

			== Hypospadias and Urologic Surgery ==
			* Caudal analgesia, hypospadias, and urethrocutaneous fistula: Does association mean causality?
			* Caudal Blocks and Hypospadias Repair Complications—Much Ado about Nothing or the Real Deal?
			* Caudal anesthesia is not associated with post-operative complications following distal hypospadias repair
			* Search: caudal & hypospadias
			* Comparison of caudal and ilioinguinal/iliohypogastric nerve blocks for control of post-orchiopexy pain in pediatric ambulatory surgery

			== Complications and Case Reports ==
			* Case report: neurological complications associated with epidural analgesia in children: a report of 4 cases of ambiguous etiologies

			== Summary ==
			* (Optional section for synthesis, conclusions, or key references)