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NPO
<b>Guidelines:</b>


[https://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article/138/2/132/137508/2023-American-Society-of-Anesthesiologists 2023 American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines for Preoperative Fasting: Carbohydrate-containing Clear Liquids with or without Protein, Chewing Gum, and Pediatric Fasting Duration—A Modular Update of the 2017 American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines for Preoperative Fasting*]
[https://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article/138/2/132/137508/2023-American-Society-of-Anesthesiologists 2023 American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines for Preoperative Fasting: Carbohydrate-containing Clear Liquids with or without Protein, Chewing Gum, and Pediatric Fasting Duration—A Modular Update of the 2017 American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines for Preoperative Fasting*]


[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12630-023-02509-z 2023 Canadian Pediatric Anesthesia Society Statement on fasting for elective pediatric anesthesia]
[https://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article/126/3/376/19733/Practice-Guidelines-for-Preoperative-Fasting-and Practice Guidelines for Preoperative Fasting and the Use of Pharmacologic Agents to Reduce the Risk of Pulmonary Aspiration: Application to Healthy Patients Undergoing Elective Procedures: An Updated Report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Preoperative Fasting and the Use of Pharmacologic Agents to Reduce the Risk of Pulmonary Aspiration]
[https://associationofanaesthetists-publications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/anae.15179 Guideline on anaesthesia and sedation in breastfeeding women 2020]


[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29452803/ Preoperative fasting in children: review of existing guidelines and recent developments]
[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29452803/ Preoperative fasting in children: review of existing guidelines and recent developments]


[https://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article/133/3/523/108227/Preoperative-Fluid-Fasting-Times-and-Postinduction Preoperative Fluid Fasting Times and Postinduction Low Blood Pressure in Children: A Retrospective Analysis]
[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34857682/ The rationale for the recommendations of the European Paediatric Fasting Guideline: Improving paediatric anaesthesia and perioperative medicine]
 
[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34857683/ Pre-operative fasting in children: A guideline from the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care]


[https://associationofanaesthetists-publications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/anae.15179 Guideline on anaesthesia and sedation in breastfeeding women 2020]


[https://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article/126/3/376/19733/Practice-Guidelines-for-Preoperative-Fasting-and Practice Guidelines for Preoperative Fasting and the Use of Pharmacologic Agents to Reduce the Risk of Pulmonary Aspiration: Application to Healthy Patients Undergoing Elective Procedures: An Updated Report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Preoperative Fasting and the Use of Pharmacologic Agents to Reduce the Risk of Pulmonary Aspiration]
[https://pubs.asahq.org/anesthesiology/article/133/3/523/108227/Preoperative-Fluid-Fasting-Times-and-Postinduction Preoperative Fluid Fasting Times and Postinduction Low Blood Pressure in Children: A Retrospective Analysis]


[https://www.uptodate.com/contents/preoperative-fasting-in-children-and-infants?search=preoperative-fasting-in+children_and_infants&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1%7E150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 UpToDate: Preoperative fasting in children and infants]
[https://www.uptodate.com/contents/preoperative-fasting-in-children-and-infants?search=preoperative-fasting-in+children_and_infants&source=search_result&selectedTitle=1%7E150&usage_type=default&display_rank=1 UpToDate: Preoperative fasting in children and infants]
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[https://www.bjaed.org/article/S2058-5349(17)30168-3/fulltext Preoperative fasting in children]
[https://www.bjaed.org/article/S2058-5349(17)30168-3/fulltext Preoperative fasting in children]


[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34857682/ The rationale for the recommendations of the European Paediatric Fasting Guideline: Improving paediatric anaesthesia and perioperative medicine]
[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34857683/ Pre-operative fasting in children: A guideline from the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care]


[https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12630-019-01382-z.pdf Canadian Pediatric Anesthesia Society statement on clear fluid fasting for elective pediatric anesthesia]
[https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12630-019-01382-z.pdf Canadian Pediatric Anesthesia Society statement on clear fluid fasting for elective pediatric anesthesia]
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Disma N, Frykholm P, Cook-Sather SD, Lerman J. Pro-con debate: 1- vs. 2-hour fast for clear liquids before anesthesia in children. Anesth Anal 2021; 133:581-91.
Disma N, Frykholm P, Cook-Sather SD, Lerman J. Pro-con debate: 1- vs. 2-hour fast for clear liquids before anesthesia in children. Anesth Anal 2021; 133:581-91.


[https://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/fulltext/2023/04000/ultrasound_assessment_of_gastric_fluid_volume_in.16.aspx Ultrasound Assessment of Gastric Fluid Volume in Children Scheduled for Elective Surgery After Clear Fluid Fasting for 1 Versus 2 Hours: A Randomized Controlled Trial]
[https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12630-023-02526-y Determining residual gastric volume in healthy children using ultrasound]
 
[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35881513/ Ultrasound Assessment of Gastric Fluid Volume in Children Scheduled for Elective Surgery After Clear Fluid Fasting for 1 Versus 2 Hours: A Randomized Controlled Trial]
 
Joshi GP, Abdelmalak BB, Weigel WA, et al. 2023 American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines for Preoperative Fasting: Carbohydrate-containing Clear Liquids with or without Protein, Chewing Gum, and Pediatric Fasting Duration-A Modular Update of the 2017 American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines for Preoperative Fasting. Anesthesiology. Feb 1 2023;138(2):132-151. doi:10.1097/aln.0000000000004381
 
Frykholm P, Disma N, Andersson H, et al. Pre-operative fasting in children: A guideline from the European Society of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care. European journal of anaesthesiology. Jan 1 2022;39(1):4-25. doi:10.1097/eja.0000000000001599
 
Sarhan KA, Hasaneen H, Hasanin A, Mohammed H, Saleh R, Kamel A. Ultrasound Assessment of Gastric Fluid Volume in Children Scheduled for Elective Surgery After Clear Fluid Fasting for 1 Versus 2 Hours: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Anesthesia and analgesia. Apr 1 2023;136(4):711-718. doi:10.1213/ane.0000000000006157
 
Yaster M, Galinkin J, Schreiner M. An Introduction to the Ethical Design, Conduct, and Analysis of Pediatric Clinical Trials. In: Andropolous D, Gregory G, eds. Gregory's Pediatric Anesthesia. 6th ed. Wiley-Blackwell; 2020:56-74:chap 4.
 
Schmitz A, Schmidt AR. Can we use ultrasound examination of gastric content as a diagnostic test in clinical anaesthesia? Pediatric Anesthesia. 2019;29(2):112-113. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/pan.13555
 
Roberts RB, Shirley MA. Reducing the risk of acid aspiration during cesarean section. Anesthesia and analgesia. Nov-Dec 1974;53(6):859-68. doi:10.1213/00000539-197453060-00010
 
DM, Rocke DA, Brock-Utne JG, Marszalek A, Engelbrecht HE. Critical volume for pulmonary acid aspiration: reappraisal in a primate model. British journal of anaesthesia. Aug 1990;65(2):248-50. doi:10.1093/bja/65.2.248
 
[https://www.asahq.org/about-asa/newsroom/news-releases/2023/06/american-society-of-anesthesiologists-consensus-based-guidance-on-preoperative American Society of Anesthesiologists Consensus-Based Guidance on Preoperative Management of Patients (Adults and Children) on Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonists]
 
[https://www.hindawi.com/journals/grp/2015/497176/ Contrasting Perspectives of Anesthesiologists and Gastroenterologists on the Optimal Time Interval between Bowel Preparation and Endoscopic Sedation]
 
[https://aspenjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jpen.2556 Pre-Procedural Fasting Policies for Patients Receiving Tube Feeding: A National Survey]
 
[https://www.bjanaesthesia.org/article/S0007-0912(23)00563-9/fulltext Incidence of adverse respiratory events after adjustment of clear fluid fasting recommendations to 1 h: a prospective, observational, multi-institutional cohort study]
 
[https://associationofanaesthetists-publications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/anae.16117 Pre-operative gastric ultrasound in patients at risk of pulmonary aspiration: a prospective observational cohort study]
 
[https://associationofanaesthetists-publications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/anae.16190 Editorial: Point-of-care gastric ultrasound: food for thought]
 
[https://pubs.asahq.org/monitor/article/88/4/19/139952/Perioperative-Tube-Feedings-Common-Questions Perioperative Tube Feedings – Common Questions]
 
[https://journals.lww.com/anesthesia-analgesia/fulltext/2024/04000/preoperative_renin_angiotensin_system_antagonists.12.aspx Preoperative Renin-Angiotensin System Antagonists Intake and Blood Pressure Responses During Ambulatory Surgical Procedures: A Prospective Cohort Study]
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